YaleCourses

In this lesson, we dive deep into the crucial world of raising capital for your medical software venture. Discover when and how to approach different funding stages, from seed rounds to venture capital, and learn the essential strategies for presenting your ideas to investors. We'll explore common reasons why startups fail and equip you with the knowledge to navigate the fundraising landscape successfully, emphasizing the importance of market validation and strategic partnerships.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Understand key terminology and stages in capital raising, including seed, angel, venture capital, and private equity.
• Identify the primary reasons why startup...

France Since 1871 (HIST 276)

The human cost of World War I cannot be understood only in terms of demographics. To better understand the consequences of the war upon both soldiers and civilians it is necessary to consider mourning in its private, as well as its public dimensions. Indeed, for many French people who lived through the war, public spectacles of bereavement, such as the Unknown Soldier, were also conceived of as intensely private affairs. Both types of mourning are associated with a wide variety of rituals and procedures.

00:00 - Chapter 1. Personal and Communal Mourning: Modes of...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

Regulation of financial and securities markets is intended to protect investors while still enabling them to make personal investment decisions. Psychological phenomena, such as magical thinking, overconfidence, and representativeness heuristic can cause deviations from rational behavior and distort financial decision-making. However, regulation and regulatory bodies, such as the SEC, FDIC, and SIPC, most of which were created just after the Great Depression, are intended to help prevent the manipulation of investors' psychological foibles and maintain trust in the markets so that a broad spectrum of investors will continue to participate.

00:00 - Chapter 1...

The Civil War and Reconstruction (HIST 119)

Professor Blight discusses the rise of abolitionism. Blight begins with an introduction to the genre of slave narratives, with particular attention to Frederick Douglass' 1845 narrative. The lecture then moves on to discuss the culture in which antebellum reform grew--the factors that encouraged its growth, as well as those that retarded it. Professor Blight then describes the movement towards radical abolitionism, stopping briefly on colonization and gradualism before introducing the character and ideology of William Lloyd Garrison.

00:00 - Chapter 1. Frederick Douglass and the Slave Narrative
09:46 - Chapter 2. The Development...

The Civil War and Reconstruction (HIST 119)

Professor Blight continues his march through the political events of the 1850s. Blight continues his description of the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, describing the guerilla war that reigned in the territory of Kansas for much of 1856. The lecture continues, describing the caning of Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the US Senate and the birth of the Republican party. The lecture concludes with the near-victory of Republican candidate John C. Fremont in the presidential election of 1856, and the passage of the Dred Scott decision in 1857.

00:00...

Have you ever wondered what exactly is inside the satellites orbiting Earth and what their purpose is? In this lesson, we explore satellite payloads, the crucial instruments and components that make satellites function. We'll identify common elements like solar panels and the satellite bus, and then delve into the vast array of missions satellites undertake, from providing internet and GPS to monitoring weather and conducting scientific research, highlighting how each mission shapes its unique payload.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Define what constitutes a satellite payload.
• Identify common structural and power components of a satellite, such as solar panels...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

Professor Shiller provides a description of the course, Financial Markets, including administrative details and the topics to be discussed in each lecture. He briefly discusses the importance of studying finance and each key topic. Lecture topics will include: behavioral finance, financial technology, financial instruments, commercial banking, investment banking, financial markets and institutions, real estate, regulation, monetary policy, and democratization of finance.

00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to the Course
11:24 - Chapter 2. Textbooks and Course Logistics
24:05 - Chapter 3. Technology and the Subprime Crisis
31:19 - Chapter 4. Is Studying Finance Moral?
46:44 - Chapter 5...

This video is the live capture of the Yale Quantum Institute Course on Quantum Error Correction, held at the Yale University in July 2025, in partnership with NC A&T.

This short course will provide viewers strong foundation on Quantum Error Detection & Quantum Error Correction. Viewers are encouraged to take an introduction to quantum information science before viewing this content.

Thank you to the Yale ASCEND Initiative for making this short course possible.

And for more information on everything quantum at Yale, visit quantuminstitute.yale.edu

Learn more about your...

Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)

Professor Saltzman talks about the importance of vaccines, and particularly the role of bioengineering in vaccine development. He first addresses the question of "what is a vaccine" and the role of the immune system. He then describes the biological basis, symptoms, and history of smallpox as a devastating disease worldwide, and how--starting with the work of Edward Jenner--an effective vaccine was systematically developed from cow lesions. Next, methods to deliver vaccine to a wide population are introduced. Finally, Professor Saltzman touches on the possible reemergence of smallpox as weapon for bioterrorism.
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In this lesson, we dive into the exciting yet complex world of artificial intelligence and machine learning in medicine. We explore the foundational role of vast, high-quality data in AI's success, alongside the unique regulatory challenges posed by self-updating AI algorithms in medical software.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Explain the role of deep learning in the current excitement around AI/ML.
• Identify the critical importance of data (clean, annotated, diverse) for AI/ML model training.
• Discuss the regulatory challenges posed by adaptive AI/ML software in medical devices.
• Outline the FDA's proposed frameworks and initiatives, like the Pr...

Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)

In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the development and character of Sparta. He points out that in Sparta, the ethos of the polis was present to an extraordinary degree. Then he describes how this came about. In short, Professor Kagan argues that the Spartans were able to create a distinct military culture on account of their subjugation of the inhabitants of Messenia, who were forced to carry on the work of farming while the Spartans trained for war. Finally, Professor Kagan examines the education and training of the Spartan citizen...

Ever wondered how your phone knows exactly where you are, even in the middle of nowhere? In this lesson, we delve into the world of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), a fascinating region of space located between 2,000 and 35,000 km above Earth. While far fewer satellites reside here compared to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), MEO is the critical home for Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, despite the challenges posed by the treacherous Van Allen Belts. Discover why these navigation powerhouses orbit at 20,000 km, how they use precise timing and triangulation to pinpoint your location, and the global reliance on this vital...

Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)

Professor Saltzman begins the lecture with discussion of the importance of motion for the survival and propagation of any living species. He presents the different modes of motion, taking first the example flight to talk about force balance, such as the magnitude of propulsive force that must be generated overcome drag to produce forward motion. Next, the mechanics of walking, running, cycling and swimming is discussed, with emphasis on efficient use of energy, overcoming drag and friction, and the influence of organism shape and size. An equation to calculate drag force of...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

Futures markets were started in Osaka, Japan in the 1600s to create an authoritative and meaningful market price for agricultural products, using standardized contracts. Since then, futures markets have been copied around the world to allow the hedging various future risks, financial and other. In the United States, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade have been the most popular futures trading markets. Although futures markets are changing and becoming more electronic, they are still important risk management tools for farmers and present financial opportunities for all manner of hedgers and...

Have you ever wondered what technological infrastructure supports most hospitals and healthcare settings today? In this lesson, we dive into Clinical Information Technology (IT), with a primary focus on Electronic Health Records (EHRs). We'll examine the core components and purpose of EHRs, their historical transition from paper records, and the controversial impact they've had on clinician workflows—including insights into why doctors resisted them—alongside their immense benefits for patient data management and medical research. We'll also explore the common network protocols, like HL7, that enable these crucial systems.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Define Clinical Information Technology (IT), Electroni...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

Statistics and mathematics underlie the theories of finance. Probability Theory and various distribution types are important to understanding finance. Risk management, for instance, depends on tools such as variance, standard deviation, correlation, and regression analysis. Financial analysis methods such as present values and valuing streams of payments are fundamental to understanding the time value of money and have been in practice for centuries.

00:00 - Chapter 1. The Etymology of Probability
10:01 - Chapter 2. The Beginning of Probability Theory
15:38 - Chapter 3. Measures of Central Tendency: Independence and Geometric Average
33:12 - Chapter 4. Measures...

Where do satellites orbit? In this lesson, we define the various regions around Earth where satellites and space debris are found, including Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO). Discover what types of objects inhabit these regions and their practical applications, from the International Space Station to GPS and weather satellites.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Define Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and identify objects found within it.
• Understand Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and its practical applications like GPS.
• Explain Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) and its common uses for communication satellites.
• Distinguish between the differe...

Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)

In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan offers a sketch of the Greek heroic code of ethics. He shows that in this community, arête (manly virtue) and honor are extremely important and even worth dying for, as the case of Achilles makes clear. In addition, Professor Kagan shows how this society eventually produced a new phenomenon, the rise of the polis. The discussion ends with a strong emphasis on the importance of the polis in Greek history.

00:00 - Chapter 1. Defining Arête
10:48 - Chapter 2. Impacts on Western Civilization

Have you ever wondered about all the hidden layers of the healthcare system that medical software must navigate? In this lesson, we dive deep into the clinical environment, exploring the constraints it imposes and identifying the diverse stakeholders involved beyond just patients and doctors. We'll also examine the critical role of associated technologies like EHR and imaging databases, and the pervasive importance of data privacy, security, and cybersecurity regulations, underscoring that no medical software is an island. We further explore the often-complex relationship between the software user and the ultimate customer or payer.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Understand the c...

How are healthcare business models adapting to a rapidly changing world? In this lesson, we explore the significant drivers behind the evolution of healthcare business models, from increasing costs and technological advancements to new approaches like value-based care. We'll examine various strategic models adopted by health systems and delve into the impact of patient-driven technologies and the role of software in fostering sustainable innovation.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Understand the forces driving changes in healthcare business and revenue models.
• Identify and differentiate between key strategic models for health systems, such as leader, experience, integrator, and manager.
• Explore t...

In this lesson, discover a comprehensive 7-step workshop designed to help you and your team generate innovative ideas effectively. This process emphasizes the importance of diverse teams, framing problems as design challenges, and testing concepts through prototypes, ensuring your solutions are desirable, feasible, and impactful.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Assemble a diverse team for collaborative idea generation.
• Transform a problem statement into a clear design question.
• Apply effective brainstorming techniques to produce a wide range of ideas.
• Utilize key criteria (desirability, feasibility, viability, impact, and personal passion) to select the most promising ideas.
• Create prototypes to...

This video is the live capture of the Yale Quantum Institute Course on Quantum Error Correction, held at the Yale University in July 2025, in partnership with NC A&T.

This short course will provide viewers strong foundation on Quantum Error Detection & Quantum Error Correction. Viewers are encouraged to take an introduction to quantum information science before viewing this content.

Thank you to the Yale ASCEND Initiative for making this short course possible.

And for more information on everything quantum at Yale, visit quantuminstitute.yale.edu

Learn more about your...

In this lesson, we delve into the infamous Therac-25 case study, a sobering example of how medical software development can go catastrophically wrong. We will explore the series of software failures in a radiation therapy machine that led to multiple patient injuries and deaths from massive radiation overdoses, highlighting critical issues in design, testing, user interface, and the manufacturer's response, ultimately shaping modern medical device regulations.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Understand the critical role of software in medical device safety and the potential for catastrophic failure
• Analyze the specific technical and procedural failures that led to the Therac...

Have you ever wondered about the technology behind medical images that doctors use to diagnose and treat patients? In this lesson, we dive deep into Clinical IT II, focusing specifically on medical imaging. We'll explore the historical evolution of imaging modalities, from the discovery of X-rays to modern MRI, and unpack the critical IT infrastructure like PACS and DICOM that manage vast amounts of medical image data. Understanding how these systems work and the unique characteristics of medical image data, including metadata and orientation, is essential for anyone working with healthcare technology.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Trace the histo...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

Options introduce an essential nonlineary into portfolio management. They are contracts between buyers and writers, who agree on exercise prices and dates at which the buyer can buy or sell the underlying (such as a stock). Options are priced based on the price and volatility of the underlying asset as well as the duration of the option contract. The Black-Scholes options pricing model is one of the most famous equations in finance and offers a useful first approximation for prices for option contracts. Options exchanges and futures exchanges both are involved in creating a...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

David Swensen, Yale's Chief Investment Officer and manager of the University's endowment, discusses the tactics and tools that Yale and other endowments use to create long-term, positive investment returns. He emphasizes the importance of asset allocation and diversification and the limited effects of market timing and security selection. Also, the extraordinary returns of hedge funds, one of the more recent phenomena of portfolio management, should be looked at closely, with an eye for survivorship and back-fill biases.

00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Changing Institutional Portfolio Management
03:59 - Chapter 2. Asset Allocation: The Power of...

In this lesson, we embark on a fascinating journey into Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the closest region of space to Earth, home to iconic residents like the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope. Explore the unique properties of LEO, from the astonishing speeds of its inhabitants to the critical challenges posed by atmospheric drag, increasing satellite traffic, and the potential for catastrophic collisions, all while uncovering the motivations behind the rise of megaconstellations like Starlink.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Define Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and identify its most famous residents.
• Explain the phenomenon of atmospheric drag an...

Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)

Professor Saltzman introduces the elements of molecular structure of DNA such as backbone, base composition, base pairing, and directionality of nucleic acids. He describes the processes of DNA synthesis, transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational processing required to make a protein such as insulin from its genetic code (DNA). Professor Saltzman describes the genetic code. RNA interference is also discussed as a way to control gene expression, which can be applied as a new way to treat diseases.

00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:35 - Chapter 2. Building Blocks of DNA
11:17...

Ever wondered what propels spacecraft beyond the initial launch? While chemical rockets are crucial for getting off Earth, this lesson delves into three fascinating alternatives used once in orbit: electric (ion) propulsion, nuclear thermal rockets, and solar sails. Discover how each method works, their unique advantages for different space missions, and their limitations compared to traditional chemical propulsion.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Explain why alternative propulsion methods are necessary for spacecraft once in orbit.
• Describe the mechanism and applications of electric (ion) propulsion systems.
• Understand the principles and potential uses of nuclear thermal rockets for deep space tra...

Have you ever wondered how satellites capture those breathtaking images of distant galaxies or detailed views of Earth? In this lesson, we delve into the fascinating world of imaging cameras onboard satellites. Discover how these sophisticated instruments, surprisingly similar to your cell phone camera, utilize digital technology and silicon detectors to capture everything from cosmic wonders to real-time weather patterns and even track events like forest fires, fundamentally transforming our understanding of our planet and the universe.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Identify the primary functions and diverse applications of satellite imaging cameras.
• Explain the core mechanism of digital...

Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)

In this final lecture, Professor Saltzman talks about artificial organs, with a stress on synthetic biomaterials. First, the body's responses (immunological and scar healing responses) to foreign materials are introduced. This leads to discussion of different types of polymer/plastic materials (i.e., Dacron and GORE-TEX) and their properties. Next, Professor Saltzman talks about the design and function of some artificial organs, such as lens implants, heart valves and vessels, hip, dialyzer, heart/lung bypass machine, and the artificial heart. Lastly, challenges and areas for improvement in the field are presented.
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Why is financial viability crucial for social impact? In this interview, entrepreneur Trishan Panch unpacks his journey, revealing how he learned to balance social good with sustainable business models. From linear healthcare services to free open-source technology and finally to his successful for-profit venture, Wellframe, Panch demonstrates that true scalability often hinges on finding a "theory of change that someone's willing to pay for."

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Understand how financial viability underpins sustainable social impact.
• Differentiate between linear and scalable models in social entrepreneurship.
• Explore the challenges and opportunities of for-profit vs. non-profit approaches to social in...

In this lesson, we conduct a comprehensive comparison of Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) regions. We explore the distribution and functions of satellites within each orbit, analyze the optimal placement for Earth imaging and communication, and discuss critical considerations like latency and end-of-life protocols, ultimately highlighting how the best orbit depends on specific mission goals.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Compare the satellite populations and primary functions in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO).
• Analyze how orbital altitude impacts Earth imaging, considering field of view...

Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)

Professor Saltzman continues his presentation on DNA technology by discussing control of gene expression using two methods of RNA silencing: anti-sense therapy and RNA interference. Molecular cloning techniques to mass-produce proteins using plasmid, restriction enzymes, ligase, and antibiotic selection in bacteria are discussed. Steps and molecules involved in polymerase chain reaction are also described. Professor Saltzman explains how to detect mutations in genomic DNA, such as in sickle cell anemia patients, by gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting. Finally, he gives an example of inducing and controlling insulin expression in large animals by...

Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)

Professor Saltzman continues his presentation on the topic of vaccine. First, Professor Saltzman describes the host immune response to pathogen recognition, in terms of immunoglobulin release, T-cell activation, and memory cell production. The production, distribution, and challenges involved in making of the Salk polio vaccine and the modern, oral polio vaccine are discussed. Professor Saltzman then talks about the range of bioengineering approaches that can be used to produce vaccine: attenuated, subunit, and DNA-based. Finally, a life-intervention cost analysis (cost of technology per human life saved) for vaccine was compared to other...

In this deeper dive, we explore practical applications of fundamental physics in rocket science. Learn how scientific notation simplifies complex numbers, and delve into the intricacies of Kepler's Third Law. We'll walk through step-by-step calculations for various real-world satellites, from Sputnik and the ISS to Hubble, GPS, and geosynchronous orbits, demonstrating how to determine orbital heights, velocities, and periods.

🎯 Learning Objectives
• Apply scientific notation to handle very large and small numbers in physics calculations.
• Utilize Kepler's Third Law to calculate orbital properties such as semi-major axis, period, and height.
• Perform consistent unit conversions to ensure ac...

Financial Markets (ECON 252)

Technology and innovation underlie finance. In order to manage risks successfully, particularly long-term, we must pool large amounts of risk among many, diverse people and overcome barriers such as moral hazard and erroneous framing. Inventions such as insurance contracts and social security, and information technology all the way from such simple things as paper, and the postal service to modern computers have helped to manage risks and to encourage financial systems to address issues pertaining to risk. The tax and welfare system is one of the most important risk management systems.

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Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)

In this lecture, Professor Kagan examines the continuation of Spartan tyranny over the Greek poleis and the response of the Greek world. According to Professor Kagan, it became clear that the Greek poleis needed to do something to check the power of Sparta. So, Thebes, Argos, Corinth, and Athens along with some of the smaller poleis joined together to fight Sparta in the Corinthian War. The war ended in a stalemate, but now the Persians were afraid of the growth of Athenian naval power. So, the king made an alliance with...

The Civil War and Reconstruction (HIST 119)

This lecture picks off where the previous one left off, with a discussion of the legacies of John Brown. The most important thing about John Brown's raid, Professor Blight argues, was not the event itself, but the way Americans engaged with it after the fact. Next, Professor Blight discusses the election of 1860, a four-way battle won by the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln. In the wake of Lincoln's election, the seven states of the deep South, led by South Carolina, seceded. The lecture closes with an analysis of some of the rationales...

3.5 | Go Further, Faster! The Ingenious Science of Multistage Rockets | Rocket Science for Everyone with Yale's Marla Geha
The rocket equation presents significant challenges for achieving high speeds and carrying substantial payloads, especially when launching from Earth. How do engineers overcome these limitations? In this lesson, we delve into the ingenious solution of multistage rockets, exploring how shedding empty fuel tanks dramatically improves a rocket's performance, allowing it to go further and faster with more payload. We'll examine the physics behind this critical design, understand why every ounce matters, and discover modern innovations like SpaceX's reusable stages.

🎯 Lea...