Forensic Files Unsealed
Forensic Files Unsealed takes you beyond the original cases and into the deeper world of forensic investigation, hidden details, and unanswered questions behind real-life crimes. Each episode revisits compelling cases involving forensic science—from DNA breakthroughs and digital evidence to overlooked clues that changed everything. We go beyond the headlines and reenactments to explore what really happened, how investigators pieced together the truth, and what details often go unspoken in public case summaries. Whether it’s cold cases, courtroom revelations, or scientific breakthroughs, this podcast pulls back the curtain on the evidence that solves—or sometimes complicates—the story.Disclaimer Forensic...
Las Vegas Murder Case Cracked With Smallest Ever Amount of DNA
This episode details the record-breaking forensic investigation into the 1989 cold-case murder of 14-year-old Stephanie Isaacson in Las Vegas. Investigators achieved a scientific milestone by identifying the killer, Darren Roy Marchand, using a microscopic DNA sample equivalent to only 15 human cells. The narrative highlights how advanced genome sequencing and forensic genetic genealogy overcame the limitations of degraded evidence that had sat untouched for decades. Although the perpetrator died by suicide years before the discovery, the breakthrough provided long-awaited answers for the victim's family and the law enforcement team. Ultimately, the source emphasizes how private philanthropy and cutting-edge technology are redefining the...
The Predator in Plain Sight: The Jesse Matthew Story
The episode details the chilling criminal history of Jesse Matthew Jr., a former star athlete who transformed from a sexual predator into a serial killer. Through expert analysis and firsthand accounts, the source examines how Matthew utilized his "gentle giant" public persona and athletic status to evade early suspicion while committing violent assaults across Virginia. The narrative specifically focuses on the tragic disappearances of Morgan Harrington and Hannah Graham, illustrating how forensic evidence and DNA eventually linked these cases to Matthew’s earlier crimes. Despite his athletic potential and a supportive upbringing, investigators and psychologists describe him as a narcissistic pr...
DNA on a straw leads to a teen's suspected killer 40 years after she went missing
This source details the decades-long investigation into the disappearance and murder of two teenagers, Kelly Morrissey and Teresa Fusco, in 1984 Long Island. For nearly twenty years, three men—John Kogut, John Restivo, and Dennis Halstead—were imprisoned for these crimes based on a coerced confession and questionable evidence. However, advanced DNA testing eventually proved their innocence, leading to their exoneration and the reopening of the cold cases. Recent breakthroughs in genetic genealogy linked a discarded straw to a new suspect, Richard Bido, who was finally charged with Fusco's murder in 2025. Despite this progress, the family of Kelly Morrissey continues to seek...
Woman Vanished from Boyfriend's Yacht, Then He Replaced the Freezer
This transcript explores the mysterious 2021 disappearance of Sarm Heslop, a British woman who vanished from her boyfriend Ryan Bane's luxury yacht in the US Virgin Islands. Legal and investigative experts critique the local authorities for failing to search the vessel or formally interview Bane before he sailed away and sold the boat. The discussion highlights suspicious details, including Bane's past domestic violence conviction and recent reports that he replaced a freezer on the yacht shortly after the incident. Private investigator David Johnston and attorney Michael Winkleman suggest that police incompetence and a lack of forensic urgency have severely hindered the...
Glendale Mother Found Dead After First Date with Man Met Online
The episode details the tragic disappearance and murder of Arianna Bailey Jones, a young mother from Glendale, Arizona, who vanished after an online date. Following her initial disappearance on July 5, 2026, digital evidence and cell phone data led investigators to a shallow grave near Lake Pleasant. A Peoria resident, Domonic Scot-Glen Rodolico, was subsequently arrested and charged with first-degree murder and concealing a body. The narrative highlights the devastating impact on the victim's family, particularly her young son and her mother, who are now seeking justice. Beyond the criminal investigation, the source emphasizes the critical importance of safety precautions when meeting...
The Riverside Prostitute Killer | Born to Kill?
The episode recounts the chilling history of Bill Suff, a prolific serial killer who terrorized Riverside, California, during the early 1990s. Targeting vulnerable prostitutes, Suff ritualistically murdered and posed his victims to assert a sadistic sense of control and authority. Despite his horrific crimes, he maintained a facade of normalcy as a helpful county employee, even assisting the very task force assigned to track him down. His past revealed a dark pattern of violence, including a prior conviction for the murder of his infant daughter in Texas. Investigators eventually captured him following a routine traffic stop that linked his silver...
Danish Police Use Familial Searching for the First Time to Nab 1990 Murder Suspect
The episode details the first successful use of familial DNA searching by Danish authorities to solve the 1990 murder of Hanne With. After the case remained cold for over three decades, investigators utilized a statistical technique that identifies suspects through partial genetic matches with relatives already in the police database. This method led police to the suspect’s son, eventually resulting in the 2024 arrest and conviction of Henrik Krogh Rasmussen. The sources outline the brutal nature of the crime, the evolution of forensic technology, and the legal pilot project that enabled this breakthrough. By combining modern genetics with traditional evidence like fo...
The Mystery Predator Caught 26 Years After Teen Murder
This source details the harrowing 1983 murder of 16-year-old Colette Aram in the quiet village of Keyworth and the exhaustive twenty-six-year police investigation that followed. After the teenager vanished during a short walk to her boyfriend's house, her body was discovered the next morning, triggering a massive manhunt that initially yielded a stolen vehicle and a taunting letter from the killer. Despite decades of silence, the case was eventually revitalized through pioneering DNA technology and familial searching, which allowed detectives to narrow their focus to a specific family. This forensic breakthrough led to the 2009 arrest of Paul Hutchinson, a local man...
The Deepening Mystery Over Missing Backpacker Celine Cremer
In June 2023, Belgian backpacker Celine Cremer vanished while trekking through the Philosopher Falls trail in the rugged wilderness of Tasmania. Although initial police efforts were unsuccessful, a recent private search led by investigator Ken Gamble achieved a major breakthrough by locating her damaged mobile phone. The discovery has provided fresh GPS data and renewed hope for her family, suggesting she likely lost her way as the trail became treacherous and overgrown. Despite exhausting grid searches through dense, horizontal forest and the discovery of a potential makeshift poncho, Cremer's remains have not yet been found. The search has now transitioned to a forensic phas...
Teacher Secretly Records Her Killer Before She’s Murdered
The episode details the investigation and ultimate conviction of Bill Long for the murder of his ex-wife, Michelle Long, a high school teacher found shot in her vehicle. Following a contentious divorce and disputes over a significant financial settlement, Bill targeted Michelle outside her home, an act neighbors corroborated through the timing of gunshots. Law enforcement utilized cell phone records, security footage of Bill’s secondary vehicle, and his history of violent threats to build a circumstantial case against him. Key evidence included the missing 44 Magnum revolver from his collection and a matching projectile recovered near the scene. Despite his cl...
Mystery Video in Nolan Wells' Death Investigation
This source details the suspicious circumstances surrounding the death of Nolan Wells, an 18-year-old college football player whose body was discovered on Horn Island, Mississippi. While local law enforcement initially suggested the incident was a tragic drowning, the young man’s family and high-profile advocates like Ben Crump and Al Sharpton are demanding a more rigorous investigation. They point to glaring contradictions in witness accounts, a recorded verbal altercation, and the discovery of deleted messages on the victim’s phone as evidence of potential foul play. The family has commissioned an independent autopsy to gain clarity, as they remain skeptical of the official n...
Murdered Mom’s Mystery Killer Caught 23 Years Later
This episode details the long-term investigation into the 2001 murder of Leslie Prier, a woman brutally killed in her upscale Maryland home. For over two decades, the case remained cold, during which time investigators and family members wrongly suspected her husband, Sandy Prier. The mystery was eventually solved using advanced genetic genealogy, which identified a male DNA profile belonging to Eugene Glegor. Glegor was a former boyfriend of the victim’s daughter who had been welcomed into the family home years prior. Following his arrest and a covert DNA collection, Glegor pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and received a 22-year prison se...
A Faceless Victim Identified by Forensic Reconstruction
This transcript from the television series Cold Case Files details two separate criminal investigations that were eventually solved through innovative forensic techniques. The first case involves a dismembered victim found in Wisconsin whose identity remained a mystery until engineers used rapid prototyping to create a 3D model of her skull for facial reconstruction. This process allowed witnesses to identify her as Mwivano Kupaza, leading to the conviction of her cousin for her murder. The second segment focuses on a series of serial arsons in California that targeted new housing developments. The investigation stalled for years until a discarded videotape featuring...
7 Cold Case Breakthroughs Solved Via DNA
This documentary transcript recounts several notorious cold cases that were eventually resolved through forensic breakthroughs. The text details the tragic disappearances and murders of young women across the United States and England, highlighting how investigators initially struggled with false leads and wrongful accusations. A primary theme is the revolutionary impact of DNA technology, which allowed detectives to identify perpetrators decades after their crimes. Cases like those of Julie Busken and Linda Mann illustrate the shift from traditional investigation to high-tech genetic profiling. Each narrative underscores the persistence of law enforcement and the long-awaited justice delivered to the victims' families. Ultimately, these account...
How Many Cases Have Been Solved with Forensic Genetic Genealogy?
Forensic genetic genealogy has transformed criminal investigations by merging traditional DNA analysis with public ancestral databases to resolve long-standing cold cases. Since the high-profile arrest of the Golden State Killer in 2018, the technique has successfully identified over 1,600 perpetrators and unidentified victims across North America. The process involves sequencing dense genetic profiles to find distant relatives, allowing genealogists to reconstruct family trees and pinpoint specific suspects. While the method offers unprecedented closure for families and helps stop serial offenders, it faces ongoing challenges regarding privacy ethics, funding shortages, and ancestral data biases. Despite these hurdles, the field continues to expand rapidly...
Arizona Cold Cases Solved with New Technology, Fresh Investigations
Arizona is experiencing a significant surge in solved cold cases due to the integration of innovative DNA technologies and specialized investigative units. The text highlights how investigative genetic genealogy and advanced tools like the M-VAC system allow detectives to identify suspects and nameless victims from highly degraded samples that traditional methods once failed to process. Landmark breakthroughs, such as the conviction of the "Zombie Hunter" for the Phoenix Canal Murders and the identification of "Little Miss Nobody," demonstrate the power of these modern forensic techniques. Beyond criminal prosecutions, these advancements provide profound closure for families by restoring identities to long-unidentified...
How a Teenager Solved a 57-Year Cold Case Police Called Impossible
In 1964, the small town of Hazelton, Pennsylvania, was devastated by the abduction and murder of nine-year-old Marisa Chvarella. Despite interviewing thousands of people and investigating numerous predators over nearly six decades, local authorities were unable to identify the killer. The mystery was finally unraveled in 2020 by Eric Schubert, an eighteen-year-old college student with an extraordinary talent for forensic genealogy. By building complex family trees from degraded DNA found at the crime scene, Schubert narrowed the suspects down to the family of James Paul Fort. Though Fort died in 1980, investigators exhumed his body to confirm a perfect genetic match to the evidence...
Investigation Continues into the Death of Mississippi Teen Nolan Wells
The episode details the ongoing investigation into the mysterious death of Nolan Wells, an eighteen-year-old college football player who disappeared during a boat trip to Horn Island, Mississippi, on July 4, 2026. While official preliminary findings suggest an accidental drowning, the case has drawn national scrutiny due to conflicting witness accounts, suspicious activity on the victim's cell phone, and a video of an alleged altercation. Represented by attorney Ben Crump, the family is pursuing an independent autopsy to address concerns regarding potential foul play and racial dynamics. The report outlines the multi-agency search efforts, the complexities of forensic water investigations, and the...
Cold Case Solved After DNA from Paper Bags on Victim’s Hands Identifies Serial Killer
The provided text details the 2025 resolution of the 1987 homicide of Rhonda Marie Fisher, a case that remained a mystery for nearly forty years. Investigators successfully identified Vincent Darrell Groves, a deceased serial killer, by utilizing modern forensic techniques to extract touch DNA from paper bags originally used to protect the victim's hands. This breakthrough was made possible by the meticulous preservation of evidence and the application of advanced genetic testing that did not exist at the time of the crime. The report highlights how innovative technology and persistent cold case units can bring closure to families even decades after a...
Shadows of the Last Frontier: Unsolved Alaskan Mysteries
The provided transcripts from the "Northern Crimes" series profile numerous unsolved disappearances and notorious criminal cases across the rugged Alaskan landscape. The narratives range from the unidentified victims of serial killer Robert Hansen to the mysterious vanishing of adventurers like Naomi Uemura and hikers in the Brooks Range. These accounts also examine violent crimes involving local businessmen, political figures, and families living in isolation, such as the "Papa Pilgrim" abuse case. Common themes include the geographic challenges of the frontier, which often swallow evidence and hinder search efforts for decades. Ultimately, the episode highlights the persistence of investigators and families...
The Snohomish Murders: Cold Cases and Genetic Justice
This episode recounts several unsolved homicides from Snohomish County, Washington, that occurred between the 1970s and 1990s. It details the tragic stories of young victims like Jody Lumis and Melissa Lee, highlighting how their cases eventually went cold due to a lack of initial evidence. The narrative emphasizes the transformative role of forensic genetic genealogy, which allowed investigators to identify suspects decades later through abandoned items like coffee cups and cigarette butts. While some killers were finally brought to justice in court, others escaped earthly punishment by dying before their crimes were uncovered. Ultimately, the source serves as a testament...
Shadows of the Past: Two Decades to the Truth
These transcripts from the YouTube channel Time Of Crime detail five tragic criminal cases that remained cold for decades before reaching resolution. Each narrative follows the disappearance or death of a young woman—Danielle Howchin, Morgan Nick, Ellie Gould, Janelle Patton, and Melissa Wolfenberger—and the subsequent failures or breakthroughs in their investigations. The sources emphasize how modern DNA analysis, genetic genealogy, and persistent family advocacy eventually exposed the perpetrators, some of whom were close acquaintances or family members. Several cases highlight the shocking irony of suspects having no prior criminal records or, in one instance, a father being a seri...
A Reality Star ‘Lost His Mind’ and Killed His Friend. Inside Ash Armand’s Case
This episode recounts the tragic downfall of Akshaya Kubiak, a reality television star known as Ash Armand, who gained notoriety on the show Gigolos for his spiritual and calm persona. In a shocking departure from his public "zen" image, Kubiak was arrested in 2020 for the brutal killing of his friend, Herleen Dulai, during a drug-induced episode involving psychedelic mushrooms. The sources detail the subsequent legal proceedings, resulting in a voluntary manslaughter conviction and a prison sentence of eight to 20 years. Beyond the crime itself, the narrative examines Dulai's life as a vibrant professional and the broader impact her death had...
DNA Breakthrough Solves Cold Case of Broward Mom "R" as as Her Children Slept
The episode details the 2025 arrest of Wisler Marcellus for a violent home invasion and sexual assault that occurred sixteen years earlier in Pompano Beach, Florida. This breakthrough was achieved through the Broward Sheriff’s Office’s use of familial DNA searching, which linked the suspect’s relative to crime scene evidence. Investigators eventually secured a direct match by testing the suspect upon his return from an international flight. The narrative emphasizes how modern forensic advancements and dedicated cold case units can deliver justice for victims long after a crime has occurred. It also highlights the profound trauma experienced by the victim...
The Bayou Strangler - Behind Houston's Bayou Bodies Mystery
This transcript features a discussion from the true crime podcast The Murder Men concerning the Houston Bayou Strangler, a suspected serial killer linked to over 220 bodies discovered in local waterways since 2017. Hosts Johnny Mitchell and Matthew Cox criticize Houston city officials for dismissing these deaths as accidental drownings or natural occurrences among the homeless population despite evidence of foul play in several cases. The conversation highlights how the killer targets vulnerable demographics, including the unhoused, sex workers, and the LGBTQ+ community, to avoid detection. They identify Carl Clint Ashworth as the primary suspect, noting that his DNA has been found...
The Father Who Erased His Entire Family
This source recounts the harrowing criminal investigation into Nick Park, who murdered his wife, Susan, and their two young children before fleeing to South Korea. After firefighters discovered three human skulls and remains hidden within suitcases in a remote bushland area, detectives utilized forensic evidence, including palm prints and batch numbers on plastic bags, to link Park to the crime. Investigators determined that a child support request acted as the catalyst for the murders, which Park followed by forging bank documents to fund a final gambling spree. Although the defense initially suggested Asian crime gangs were responsible, testimony from Park’s former girlfriend...
Forensic Profiles of Waterborne Murders - Serial Killer Paul Bernardo
This source details how forensic science is used to resolve violent crimes where victims are discovered in or near water. It recounts the investigation into serial killer Paul Bernardo, whose crimes were uncovered through DNA and concrete analysis, and describes the case of Henderson Williams, who was convicted of murdering his mother after his DNA was found on a discarded cigarette. Additionally, the episode explains how medical examiners identified strangulation in the death of Janice Walters, despite her boyfriend claiming she died in a flash flood. The final case study illustrates how accident reconstruction and physical evidence exposed Dan Egan...
The Price of Possession: The Murder of Ranim and Khaola
This source details the tragic double murder of Ranim Oudeh and her mother, Khaola Saleem, by Ranim’s estranged husband, Janbas Tarin. After fleeing war-torn Syria for a safer life in Birmingham, Ranim entered a relationship with Tarin, who utilized coercive control and threats of violence to trap her. Despite Ranim obtaining a legal protective order and repeatedly seeking police intervention, Tarin’s obsession culminated in a premeditated knife attack outside the family home. The narrative highlights the failures of the authorities to intervene effectively while examining Tarin’s distorted views on male ownership and possession. Following a massive manhunt and pu...
She was Murdered from a Sniper?
This source details the investigation into the assassination of Miriam Illis, a Sunday school teacher killed by a sniper shot through her kitchen window. Detectives initially struggled with a complex crime scene featuring planted DNA, anonymous letters, and a silencer, all designed to mislead the police. Suspicion eventually fell on her estranged husband, Dr. Richard Illis, whose motive was linked to an expensive divorce and a desire to retain his wealth. Investigators broke his alibi by reconstructing the travel timeline and recovering the murder weapon, which was a modified rifle inherited from his father. Ultimately, a stray hair from his...
Texas Man "R", Killed Neighbor With Lawnmower Blade
This episode recounts the tragic 2016 murder of Chantay Blankinship, a vulnerable young woman from a small Texas community who was killed during her evening walk. After the investigation stalled for over a year, authorities utilized DNA phenotyping to create a visual profile of the perpetrator, which eventually pointed toward a local neighbor named Ryan Riggs. The case reached a dramatic conclusion when the suspect publicly confessed to the crime during a service at the victim’s own church. Through a blend of forensic science and community faith, the narrative explores how justice was finally achieved for Blankinship's family. Ultimately, the st...
Charlie Kirk Suspect’s DNA Reports Scrutinized - Forensic Battles in the Preliminary Hearing
The episode chronicles a preliminary hearing regarding the 2025 assassination of conservative activist Charlie Kirk at Utah Valley University. It details the legal strategies used by the defense to challenge the reliability of DNA evidence found on a rifle, a towel, and a screwdriver. Attorneys for the accused, Tyler Robinson, are questioning the FBI’s testing methods and the interpretation of complex DNA mixtures involving a second individual. The narrative explains that while prosecutors rely on a combination of forensic links and surveillance footage, the defense highlights potential contamination and inconsistencies in the laboratory reports. This overview also examines the broader po...
This Student Drugged 200 Men - Catching A Predator
The episode chronicles the disturbing case of Reynhard Sinaga, a prolific serial rapist who targeted hundreds of men in Manchester. Posing as a "Good Samaritan," Sinaga lured vulnerable, often intoxicated victims to his flat where he drugged and assaulted them while they were unconscious. Investigators uncovered thousands of hours of graphic video evidence that Sinaga recorded on his mobile phones, alongside various "souvenirs" taken from his victims. Despite his harmless and studious appearance, legal experts and survivors describe him as a calculated predator who showed no remorse during his trials. Ultimately, he was handed a life sentence for his unprecedented...
Behind the Badge - The Search for Susana Morales
This transcript details the investigation into the disappearance and death of Susana Morales, a sixteen-year-old girl from Georgia. After six months of search efforts by the Special Victims Unit and homicide detectives, her skeletal remains were discovered in a remote wooded area alongside a stolen handgun. This critical piece of evidence linked the crime to Miles Bryant, a local police officer who lived at the apartment complex where Morales was last seen. Investigators utilized cell phone pings, fitness tracking data, and incriminating internet search histories to disprove Bryant’s alibi. Although the cause of death was officially undetermined due to de...
DNA Test Leads to Arrest in 1993 "R" of 79-Year-Old Charlotte Woman, CMPD Says
The episode details the 2026 arrest of Willie James Little for a brutal sexual assault and burglary that occurred over thirty years ago in Charlotte, North Carolina. Investigators utilized advanced forensic genealogy and familial DNA testing to link the suspect to the 1993 crime scene, successfully identifying a relative that eventually led to his capture. The victim, Lois Gist Hunter, was a 79-year-old woman who passed away years before the breakthrough, but the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department remained committed to resolving her cold case. This narrative highlights how modern scientific innovations and federal grants can overcome decades-long investigative hurdles to provide belated justice...
Justice After Forty Years: The DNA Trail
This source chronicles the long-term investigation into the 1979 murder of Michelle Martinko, a high school student found stabbed to death in a Cedar Rapids mall parking lot. For nearly four decades, the case remained a cold case mystery, deeply affecting the local community and casting false suspicion on the victim’s friends and ex-boyfriend. A significant breakthrough occurred when forensic genealogy and DNA evidence allowed detectives to narrow the suspect list down to three brothers. In 2018, police used a discarded straw to covertly collect a DNA sample from Jerry Burns, confirming a match to evidence found on the victim's dress. Despite...
The Medical Magician and the Marshal Murder
This transcript examines the murder-for-hire plot of Gregory Davis, a Vermont father executed after a fraudulent oil deal collapsed. The mastermind, a charismatic con man named Serhat Gumrukcu, feared that Davis would expose his financial crimes and ruin a lucrative biotech merger. Gumrukcu utilized a complex network of associates, including a middleman and a hitman who posed as a US marshal to kidnap the victim. Federal investigators eventually traced the conspiracy through cryptocurrency transactions, burner phone data, and a white Ford Explorer. Following a lengthy investigation, all four participants were convicted, with Gumrukcu receiving a life sentence for his role in the pr...
The Brutal Murder of a Single Mother in a Small Town
This source details the criminal investigation into the tragic death of Solange Haikkala, a single mother found dead in her converted studio in Jamestown, Colorado. Detectives and forensic experts initially considered three potential suspects: her abusive boyfriend, the local fire chief, and a neighbor with a violent criminal history. Through meticulous DNA analysis and an autopsy, investigators linked the crime to Thomas Altimus, a registered sex offender who took his own life before he could be apprehended. The narrative emphasizes the critical role of forensic science in resolving the mystery and providing a sense of closure for the victim’s young daughter...
Allison Feldman Murder Case: Familial DNA's Breakthrough Role in Identifying Ian Mitcham
The episode details the brutal 2015 murder of Allison Feldman and the subsequent investigation that led to the landmark conviction of Ian Mitcham. After the case went cold for years, Arizona authorities utilized familial DNA searching for the first time to link a partial crime scene profile to the suspect’s incarcerated brother. This breakthrough sparked intense legal debates regarding privacy rights and the Fourth Amendment, specifically concerning the warrantless testing of DNA samples originally collected for unrelated offenses. While the defense challenged the admissibility of this evidence, the Arizona Court of Appeals eventually upheld its use, leading to a guilty ve...
The Missing Detail That Helped Solve a Pregnant Woman’s Murder 20 Years Later
The episode explores the harrowing disappearance and eventual resolution of the Debbie Griggs murder case in Kent, England. Initially treated as a missing person inquiry in 1999, the investigation stalled for nearly two decades until a relative noticed her name was omitted from a list of cold cases, prompting a modern police review. This resurgence led to the 2019 conviction of her husband, Andrew Griggs, whose history of infidelity and financial manipulation established a clear motive for the crime. Despite the long delay, justice was further cemented in 2022 when authorities finally discovered the victim's buried remains in her husband’s former garden. Ul...
Digital Clues Solve Influencer Mystery of Nikki Kuhnhausen
The episode details the tragic disappearance and murder of 17-year-old Nikki Kuhnhausen, a transgender teenager from Vancouver, Washington. Investigators and family members describe how her sudden social media silence served as the initial warning sign that she was in danger. Through the recovery of digital evidence from Snapchat and cellular location data, authorities identified David Bogdanov as the primary suspect. The records ultimately led police to Nikki’s remains on Larch Mountain, contradicting the suspect's initial claims about his whereabouts. Despite Bogdanov’s claims of self-defense, he was convicted of second-degree murder and a hate crime for killing Nikki after lear...