On This Day in Working Class History

On this day, 15 May 1942, the body of 60-year-old waterfront worker and member of the revolutionary Industrial Workers of the World union, Matti Valentinpoika Huhta (better known as T-Bone Slim), was found floating in New York's Hudson River. Living for years as a transient worker travelling around the USA looking for work, Slim was also an accomplished author, poet and songwriter. A member of the IWW for over 20 years, he became the union's most prolific and widely-read columnist and was dubbed the "laureate of the logging camps" due to his popularity among other transient workers. The circumstances of his death remain...

On this day, 14 May 2021, dock workers in Livorno, Italy, refused to load weapons and explosives destined for Israel during a wave of Israeli attacks on Gaza.
Members of the rank and file Unione Sindacale di Base (USB) discovered where the shipment was headed, and then decided they would not touch it. They issued a statement declaring: "The port of Livorno will not be an accomplice in the massacre of the Palestinian people… weapons and explosives that will serve to kill the Palestinian population, already hit by a severe attack this very night, which caused hundreds of civilian victims, including ma...

On this day, 13 May 1935, workers loading bananas in Oracabessa, Jamaica, went on strike and rioted. They blocked roads to prevent strikebreakers from being brought in, and cut power lines. Armed police were sent by British colonial authorities from Kingston to suppress the stoppage. Strikes spread to other groups of dock workers on the island later that month.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/8504/oracabessa-wharf-strike

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On this day, 12 May 1978, dayshift toolroom workers at the Saab-Scania auto plant in Sao Bernardo, Brazil, decided to stop work, in spite of the military regime. The strike spread and within two weeks over 20 factories and 45,000 workers had downed tools for a pay increase. 
In the following weeks the stoppage spread to Osasco and São Paulo, before all the auto companies agreed to make pay increases of 11-13.5%.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/8426/auto-workers-strike-in-brazil

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On this day, 11 May 1894, the Pullman railroad strike began in Chicago following the firing of three workers the previous day, called by Eugene Debs’ American Railroad Union (ARU).
A month after it began, 400 ARU delegates from around the country met, and in defiance of Debs and their leadership agreed to boycott all Pullman railroad cars across the country in support of the workers in Chicago. The boycott began on June 26, when switchmen in Chicago refused to switch Pullman cars, and were fired. Their colleagues then walked out in their support.
The strike then spread down various railroads until so...

On this day, 10 May 1941, the Strike of the 100,000 took place in Nazi-occupied Belgium, on the first anniversary of the German invasion. Beginning in a steelworks in East Belgium, tens of thousands walked out, forcing authorities to grant an 8% pay increase, before arresting hundreds of strikers and sending many to the concentration camps. 
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/8227/strike-of-the-100,000-begins

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On this day, 9 May 1935, port workers in Kingston, Jamaica refused to load a vessel, the MV Costa Rica. One of their complaints was that they were not being paid for their lunch hour and demanded a settlement. Leading worker organiser William Alexander Bustamante intervened and an agreement with employers was reached.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/10933/kingston-port-workers-strike

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On this day, 8 May 1978, education workers in Peru launched their first "great strike" against the military dictatorship of Francisco Morales-Bermúdez. Workers in the education union SUTEP organised struggle committees around the country to coordinate the dispute. 
Despite repression from the military, with support from mothers, fathers and students, the workers held out for 81 days. 
They returned to work after winning numerous concessions including a pay increase, 20,000 additional teachers, reinstatement of dismissed workers, bonuses for class preparation and marking, and the reopening of the Enrique Guzmán y Valle teacher training university.
More information, sources and map: http...

On this day, 7 May 1912, the first general strike for waiters and hotel workers in New York City began when 150 workers at the Belmont Hotel walked out on strike. Organised by the Industrial Workers of the World union, at its peak over 6,000 workers were out, demanding one day off per week, higher wages and no discrimination against union members. The employers tried to stoke racial hatred by hiring African-American strikebreakers, so the workers allied with the Coloured Waiters' Association and called on Black workers to join the strike. Various individual hotels agreed to some of the strikers' demands. Combined with police...

On this day, 6 May 1937, 400 Black women tobacco stemmers went on strike at the IN Vaughan Company in Richmond, Virginia amidst a wave of unrest in the industry. With assistance from the Southern Negro Youth Congress the women walked out fighting for better pay and conditions, and were joined on picket lines by white women textile workers. After 48 hours, they won better pay, a maximum 8-hour day, 5 day week and union recognition.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/10649/in-vaughan-strike

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On this day, 5 May 1886, the Bay View Massacre took place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
14,000 labourers at Milwaukee's largest employer, Bay View Rolling Mills, were striking to replace the ten-hour shift with an eight-hour workday for the same rate of pay. The Wisconsin State Militia, which was dispatched by Governor Jeremiah Rusk, opened fire on the strikers. The aftermath resulted in sixty wounded, and seven unarmed workers dead.
Among those who died are Frank Kunkel, Frank Nowarczyk, John Marsh, Robert Erdman, Johann Zazka, Martin Jankowiak, Michael Ruchalski, and a 13 year old boy.
Learn more about the strike for the...

On this day, 4 May 1970, the Kent State massacre took place when the Ohio National Guard fired 67 rounds into a crowd of students protesting against the bombing of Cambodia during the Vietnam war, killing four and wounding nine others, including bystanders and one person who was permanently paralysed.
Student John Cleary was there, and recalled how he tried to take a photograph of the soldiers:
“As they got near the top of the hill, I wanted to get one last picture of them before they went over the crest of the hill. So I was kind of getting my ca...

On this day, 3 May 1926, police in New York City arrested 46 striking furriers, fighting for an 8-hour day. 31 of them were arrested in the fur district at the junction of 7th Avenue and 30th St for "refusing to move on when ordered to do so." Meanwhile, elsewhere in the city, 1,500 delegates of the 12,000 strikers agreed to insist that the employers had to accept the workers' demand of a 40-hour week before continuing negotiations.

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On this day, 2 May 2022 approximately 2000 striking garment and textile workers gathered in the Nhlangano manufacturing hub in Eswatini for a mass meeting. Some had walked more than 8 km to get there.
The strike of around 8000 workers in total had begun five weeks prior, demanding a living wage of at least E15 per hour or E2983 (US$183) per month.
Representatives of the striking union, the Amalgamated Trade Union of Swaziland, complained that police and government troops had been harassing strikers, visiting their homes, tear gassing them and threatening them with eviction if they did not go back to work.<...

Today, May 1, is International Workers' Day! It commemorates the sentencing to death of seven anarchist workers in Chicago who were wrongly convicted for throwing a bomb at police who attacked a strike demonstration in May 1886. 
80,000 workers in Chicago had walked out on May 1 demanding a maximum 8-hour working day, alongside over 200,000 other workers across the US. Employers and the government were determined to crush the movement, and four of the anarchists were executed, with the fifth cheating the hangman by killing himself. An eighth was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. The surviving three were later pardoned, and the fight for t...

On this day, 30 April 2022 food delivery couriers working for the Deliveroo app in Dubai went on strike, shutting down the app, and defying a ban on strikes in the United Arab Emirates.
The drivers were facing a pay cut from $2.79 per delivery down to $2.38. The UK-based firm, backed by tech giant Amazon, also intended to increase the length of the working day up to 14 hours per day.
The workers, all of whom were migrants from South Asia, remained on strike until May 2 when the company agreed to abandon both proposed changes.
The following week, riders for delivery...

On this day, 29 April 1982, 300 mainly South Asian women machinists were on strike in protest at the sacking of two male union activists and over low wages at the Supreme Quilting clothing factory in Smethwick, West Midlands. After a prolonged dispute, during which they also picketed the plant of a sister company, Raindi Textiles, 24-hours a day, they went back to work after achieving promises of union recognition, although the two men remained sacked.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/10071/supreme-quilting-strike

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On this day, 28 April 1789, Fletcher Christian led the mutiny on the Royal Navy ship the Bounty against the bullying and oppressive Captain William Bligh. The crew seized control of the ship and set Bligh and 18 of his supporters adrift, who famously survived. Some of the mutineers were captured, but others eventually settled with some Polynesians they effectively enslaved in the previously unpopulated Pitcairn Islands, where their descendants live to this day. Later, the Polynesians would revolt against the mutineers.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/9969/mutiny-on-the-bounty

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On this day, 27 April 2007, police attacked striking Firestone rubber workers in Harbel, Liberia, injuring dozens and killing one.
Workers on the million-acre plantation had organised an Aggrieved Workers Committee the previous year to fight for better pay and conditions, and remove corrupt union officials whom they believed were mismanaging funds of the Firestone Agricultural Workers Union of Liberia (FAWUL). Eventually, the government ordered union elections to take place. Firestone management attempted to delay the election, and so in late April workers went on strike in protest.
Despite the repression, the workers kept up their struggle and union elections...

On this day, 26 April 2020, workers at the Amazon fulfilment centre in Shakopee, Minnesota, walked out on strike in protest at a colleague being fired for staying home during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Workers claimed that over 50 members of the predominantly Somali workforce participated in the spontaneous work stoppage after the company sacked a worker called Faiza Osman who stayed home in order to protect her two children from the novel coronavirus, despite the fact that Amazon had informed workers they were allowed to stay home. Amazon claimed that fewer than 25 out of 1,000 workers took part.
Strikers were also protesting...

On this day, 25 April 1945, some major cities in Italy were liberated from fascism following a working class uprising and general strike in what has since been immortalised as the country's annual Liberation Day. 
Other towns and cities were liberated before and afterwards. But on April 25, the cities of Milan and Genoa were liberated. Genoa was the only European city where Nazi forces surrendered to resistance partisans. At 7:30 PM, German general Günther Meinhold and communist factory worker Remo Scappini signed the Nazi surrender agreement.
The partisan resistance force in Genoa only consisted of around 5000 fighters, compared with over 10,000 Ge...

On this day, 24 April 1980, coalminers in Sabuk, South Korea, won all 11 of their demands from employers and authorities after a four-day insurrection. They had been demanding a 40% pay increase, and an amnesty for all protesters after miners, housewives and other local workers had risen up and expelled a column of armed police from the city. However the following month they were betrayed as the US-backed dictatorship tore up the amnesty and arrested and tortured 70 people, later jailing 30.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/9623/sabuk-coal-strike-wins

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On this day, 23 April 1938, Robert Rumble's Poor Man's Improvement and Land Settlement Association sent a petition to the governor in Jamaica demanding a minimum wage for agricultural workers and peasants, and an end to exploitation by landlords: "We are the Sons of Slaves," they wrote, "who have been paying rent to the Landlords for fully many decades. [...] We want a Minimum Wage Law. We want freedom in this the hundredth year of our Emancipation. We are still economic slaves, burdened in paying rent to Landlords who are sucking out our vitalities." Rent strikes and land occupations began, and tenants seized...

On this day, 22 April 1944, 200 young Black people, mostly students at Howard University, held a sit-in demonstration at Thompson's, a segregated restaurant in Washington DC – where Jim Crow laws were not in effect but segregation by custom existed. After effectively slashing the number of paying customers, the restaurant was ordered by its headquarters to begin serving Black customers. 
The University, in fear of losing federal grants, subsequently directed its students to cease direct action and Thompson's promptly restored segregation. 
One of the key organisers of the action was Pauli Murray, pictured, a young student and activist, who identified as part...

On this day, 21 April 1894, a nationwide strike of coal miners in the US against pay cuts began. Despite the United Mine Workers union having only 20,000 members, 145,000 miners walked out, and despite violent repression and facing starvation they held out for weeks and won some concessions. Many miners even rejected the union’s settlement and held out for more but were eventually starved back to work. This is a history of the coal miners’ struggles that year: https://libcom.org/history/us-coal-miners-strikes-1894-jeremy-brecher

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On this day, 20 April 1914, the Ludlow massacre took place when US troops opened fire with machine guns on a camp of striking miners and their families in Ludlow, Colorado. 
12,000 miners had gone out on strike the previous September against the Rockefeller family-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation (CF&I) following the killing of an activist of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA).
They then demanded better safety at work, and to be paid in money, instead of company scrip (tokens which could only be redeemed in the company store).
The Rockefellers evicted the striking miners and t...

On this day, 19 April 1968, while 6,000 textile workers were on strike against redundancies in Valdagno, northern Italy, scabs were sneaked into the factory under police protection. The workers were brutally charged by police leading to them fighting with the 1,000-strong police force, occupying the factory and toppling the bronze statue of the factory’s founder, Count Gaetano Marzotto (an iconic moment, as Count Marzotto had until then had been widely depicted as an enlightened benefactor). 47 workers were arrested. 
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/9064/valdagno-textile-strike

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On this day, 18 April 1945, workers in Turin, Italy, walked out on strike in protest at Nazi German occupation. Workers and resistance fighters distributed leaflets the previous night calling for a walkout. On the morning of April 18, factories, workshops, shops, markets, schools, transport and postal and telephone services were all shut down.
Some workers, like at Fiat Mirafiori, occupied their plants, while thousands of others took to the streets. A huge march went through Piazza Sabotino, headed by women carrying Italian flags and placards, calling on the fascists to surrender, and singing the "Red Flag".
One eyewitness, Giorgio Amendola...

On 17 April 2016 thousands of oil workers in Kuwait walked out on strike against government plans for privatisation of parts of the oil industry, and a new payroll system which, workers claimed, would reduce salaries. The strike slashed oil production in the country in half, from 3 million barrels per day down to just 1.5 million.
On April 20, workers eventually agreed to return to work "in respect for the emir and in loyalty to him", according to the Kuwait Oil Workers Union, while negotiations took place. The union claimed the strike had been "extremely successful", but it is unclear if they achieved...

On this day, 16 April 1970, a white foreman at a Chrysler plant in Detroit threatened to murder a Black worker. 
When the worker complained Chrysler went to sack the worker claiming he had a knife. 
Around 1,000 workers, Black and white, walked out on strike in protest, shutting the plant for an entire weekend until management backed down and reinstated him. 
Learn more in our podcast episodes 61-62, about Black workers organising in Detroit at that time. Available wherever you get your podcasts, or on our website: https://workingclasshistory.com/2018/08/28/e12-the-league-of-revolutionary-black-workers-in-detroit/
Pictured: Black workers protest in Detroit aro...

On this day, 15 April 1916, the newspaper of the revolutionary Industrial Workers of the World union announced the formation of its Domestic Workers Union in Denver, Colorado. 
Much of the history of the group was lost, but a fascinating letter by Jane Street, its secretary, was illegally seized by the Justice Department in 1917 and only discovered nearly 60 years later.
She was writing to another domestic worker organiser in Tulsa, Oklahoma in which she described how they organised and took action to improve pay and conditions:
"if you want to raise a job from $20 to $30. . . you can have a d...

On this day, 14 April 1913, workers across Belgium went on strike, after the failure of Parliament to introduce universal male suffrage, the strike, in which 700,000 workers participated, were not only able to bring many national industries to standstill but also force Parliament to immediately reconvene.
Suffrage would be granted only after World War I, but the general strike of 1913 proved to be a significant victory for the socialist movement.
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/8018/belgian-general-strike

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On this day, 13 April 1890, Black dock worker and leading Industrial Workers of the World union activist, Ben Fletcher, was born in Philadelphia. Starting work on the docks in 1910, he joined the revolutionary IWW union three years later and became the lead organiser of its Local 8 on the Philadelphia docks. At a time when most unions were racially segregated, Fletcher helped build a powerful, multiracial workers' organisation which organised a strike in 1913 and won many improvements.
In 1918, after the entry of the US into World War I, Fletcher was arrested and charged with dozens of other IWW members for supposedly...

On this day, 12 April 1920, workers in Ireland launched a general strike in support of pro-independence prisoners who were on hunger strike in Mountjoy prison, Dublin. The postal service, public transport, shops, pubs and public toilets were all shut. After two days, the British government caved and released all the prisoners. More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/8363/ireland-general-strike

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On this day, 11 April 1960, the body of a young activist, Kim Ju-yul, was found on the beach in Masan, South Korea. The young high school student had disappeared during a protest the previous month against electoral corruption under the US-backed Rhee dictatorship. Authorities declared that his autopsy showed he had died by drowning, but protesters forced their way into the hospital where his body was being held and discovered that Kim's skull had been split by a teargas grenade which had penetrated from his eyes to the back of his head. Anger at the murder exploded across the country the...

On this day, 10 April 1911, a general strike erupted in Lima, Peru bringing business and transport to a standstill. The stoppage broke out in support of a walkout of 500 workers at a US-owned cotton mill the previous month who were demanding better pay, the abolition of the night shift and a reduction of the working day from 13 to 10 hours. Faced with a general strike, the president intervened and forced the mill to agree to the workers' demands. 
More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/8164/general-strike-in-lima

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On this day, 9 April 1946, Palestinian Arab and Jewish workers at the Tel Aviv post office walked out on strike. The next day, they were joined by postal workers across all of Palestine in what would soon develop into a general strike of blue and white-collar public sector workers.
In response to the postal workers' strike, employers quickly made far-reaching concessions, which the Histadrut (the Jewish union federation) recommended employees accept. However, rank-and-file postal workers voted to reject the offer and continue their strike.
On 14 April, Arab and Jewish railway workers joined the strike, paralysing the country's rail system...

On 8 April 2019 protests began in Gabon against government proposals to reduce access to student grants. Many university students were entitled to grants of around 83,000 CFA francs per month, and 65% of its recipients were aged 20 or over. The government planned to set 19 as the maximum age, as well as require high marks in examinations to be eligible.
High school and university students in the capital Libreville and elsewhere walked out of class and took to the streets, and there were some scuffles with police. One participant, Samantha, told a journalist that she found the "reform particularly unfair to the working...

On this day, 7 April 2010, 800 Carlsberg factory workers in Copenhagen, Denmark, walked out on strike in protest at new management policies to restrict beer drinking at work. The company's truck drivers joined the strike in sympathy. The previous week, Carlsberg removed beer coolers from the factory floor, which contained free beer for workers to drink throughout the day. Instead they declared that workers would only be allowed to drink beer in the canteen at lunch hour. The strike lasted for five days but ended in defeat. However the following month workers walked out again for a pay increase. This is an...

On this day, 6 April 1712, a major rebellion of enslaved people in North America took place in New York City.
The enslaved people set fire to a building on Maiden Lane, near Broadway and, as the colonists tried to put out the blaze, the rebels attacked them with guns, hatchets and swords, killing nine and injuring six. They then made their escape to the north, which was as yet undeveloped. 
Militia and armed colonists then went on the hunt for the rebels. Six rebels died by suicide to avoid capture, and 40 put on trial. 18 were acquitted and others pardoned, b...