Daily Halacha Podcast - Daily Halacha By Rabbi Eli J. Mansour

If a person feels alert in the late hours of the night, should he spend that time learning Torah, even if this will likely cause him to wake up late in the morning and miss the final time for reciting Shema? One might argue that at night, one is not required to take the next morning into account, and since he currently is able to learn Torah, he should do so without worrying about how this might affect the next morning. In truth, this line of reasoning is entirely incorrect, and it is clear that one must ensure to go...

The Gemara in Masechet Sukka (26a) instructs that one should not sleep during the day for a longer period than that which a horse sleeps, a duration of "sixty breaths." Rashi explains that sleeping during the day is not allowed because the daytime should be used constructively, for Torah learning. This is mentioned by subsequent writers, and brought as Halacha by the Shulhan Aruch. However, the Mahasit Ha'shekel (Rav Shmuel Kellin, 1724-1806) ruled that if a person needs to nap during the day to enhance his productivity, then this is allowed. For many people, daytime naps increase productivity, as it...

Rav Haim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868), in his Ruah Haim, lists several behaviors that helps a person live a long life, one of which is waking early, before dawn, every morning. He even mentions a certain British diplomat who wrote about the health benefits of waking early, how this contributes to one's physical wellbeing, promotes longevity, and even enhances his intellectual capabilities. A number of sources speak about the value of spending the "transition" moments at the beginning and end of each day involved in Torah learning or prayer. This means learning or praying early in the morning, when night transitions...

The Kabbalists taught that it is preferable to sleep during the first part of the night – from nightfall (when the stars come out) until Hasot (halachic midnight). During this first half of the night, the Kabbalists explained, the harmful spiritual energies are in force, posing danger to the purity of the Neshama (soul). It is thus best to go to sleep right at nightfall, when these energies surface, as when one sleeps his soul is entrusted to Hashem and hence protected from these forces. Then, right before Hasot, one should rise and involve himself in Torah and prayer. This was th...

The Rambam, in Hilchot Talmud Torah (3:12), writes that one cannot achieve success in Torah learning if he learns in a relaxed manner, and only when learning is convenient and comfortable. Like anything else in life, a person excels only through persistence, diligence, and hard work. "Dabbling" in Torah will not result in Torah scholarship – just like "dabbling" in any other field will not lead to mastery or excellence in that field. There are no shortcuts to achievement in Torah study. Rav Mordechai Gifter (1915-2001), Rosh Yeshiva of the Telz Yeshiva in Cleveland, would say that a lot of students want to...

The Mishna at the end of Masechet Menahot (110a) teaches: "Ehad Ha'marbeh Ve'ehad Ha'mam'it, U'bilbad She'yechaven Libo La'Shamayim" – "Whether one does much or one does little, as long as he directs his heart toward Heaven." The point made by the Mishna is that the most important factor is not the amount that one actually manages to accomplish, but rather the extent to which he maximizes his potential and does his best. A person who is able to learn six hours a day is not necessarily greater than a person who is able to learn just one hour day, as these tw...

King Shlomo teaches us in the Book of Mishleh (3:6), "Be'chol Derachecha Da'ehu" – "Know Him in all your ways." The Rambam explains this to mean that we are to serve Hashem even in our ordinary "ways," while tending to our physical and material needs, and conducting our day-to-day affairs. Religion is not reserved for the realm of the sacred; it is not observed only when we pray, learn Torah, and perform Misvot. Even when are involved in ordinary, mundane activities, we are to serve G-d by engaging in these activities for the sake of Abodat Hashem (the service of G-d). We ar...

G-d created the human body in such a way that it requires rest, and cannot function properly without a significant period of sleep each night. In His infinite wisdom, G-d determined that it is preferable for human beings not to have the ability to continuously work and tend to their affairs without ever resting. One explanation for this decision is that Hashem mercifully granted us the opportunity to "reset" after a difficult, challenging or upsetting day. When a person feels disappointed or pained, a good night's sleep allows him to begin fresh the next morning, to experience a new start...

The Gemara (Bava Mesia 23b) establishes that a Torah scholar is permitted to speak untruthfully in regard to three matters, one of which is "Masechet." Rashi explains that if a scholar is asked whether he has thoroughly studied a certain Masechet, he is permitted to untruthfully answer in the negative in order to avoid sounding boastful about his proficiency. The Gemara's teaching, then, instructs that when necessary, one is allowed to distort the truth for the sake of humility, in the interest of concealing one's achievements. Both humility and honesty are critically important religious values, but sometimes they might clash...

One should strive to perform Misvot humbly and discreetly, without publicizing the religious act or making a spectacle of himself. In fact, the greatest Sadikim are "Sadikim Nistarim" – "concealed" Sadikim whose piety is not discernible, whom people view as ordinary laymen. There is great value to Misvot fulfilled in private, without anyone knowing about it. Conversely, the Rabbis of Mussar warn of the severity of performing Misvot for the sake of impressing people and drawing attention to oneself. Based on the comments of the Hobot Ha'lebabot (Rabbenu Bahya Ibn Pakuda, Spain, d. 1120), they warn that performing Misvot for publicity could be...

The Hafetz Haim, toward the beginning of his Bi'ur Halacha, references the comments written by the author of the anonymous Sefer Ha'hinuch, in the introduction to that work. There the author lists the six "Misvot Temidiyot" – "constant" Misvot, which one can always fulfilled at any moment of any day simply by thinking certain things. These Misvot apply at all times, and involve certain thoughts, giving us the opportunity to earn credit for Misvot at any time. Elsewhere in his writings – in his Shemirat Ha'lashon – the Hafetz Haim advises us to fulfill these Misvot after the morning Shaharit prayer, before eating breakf...

Yir'at Shamayim – the awareness that Hashem is watching us at all times, and sees everything we do – does not come naturally. Since we do not directly perceive Hashem with our senses, it is difficult to live with this awareness. This is something that requires work and a conscious effort. One of the important things we can do to help ourselves develop Yir'at Shamayim is to pray for it. The Gemara (Shabbat 156b) relates that Rav Nahman Bar Yishak's mother was informed by astrologers that her child would grow to become a criminal. She immediately ensured that he would never go abou...

The Rama opens his glosses to the Shulhan Aruch by citing a passage from the Rambam's Moreh Nebuchim about the importance of maintaining awareness of Hashem's watchful eye. Knowing that Hashem is always watching us, wherever we are, will naturally bring us Yir'at Shamayim (fear of Heaven), which will, in turn, help ensure that we avoid wrongdoing, even when we feel tempted to sin. This concept is stated very clearly in a famous Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (2:1) which teaches: "Look at three things and you will not come upon sin: Know what is above you – a watchful eye and a li...

The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) begins his glosses to the Shulhan Aruch by citing the Rambam's comments in Moreh Nebuchim regarding the verse in Tehillim (16:8), "Shiviti Hashem Le'negdi Tamid" – "I have placed G-d opposite me, always." The Rambam describes this verse as "Kelal Gadol Ba'Torah U'b'ma'alot Ha'sadikim Asher Holechim Lifnei Ha'Elokim" – "a great principle of the Torah and of the qualities of the righteous who walk before G-d." He explains that a person acts much differently in private than he does in the presence of a king, and thus if a person lives with the awareness that he is a...

Immediately upon waking in the morning, one should recite the brief "Modeh Ani" prayer, thanking Hashem for restoring his soul. This prayer is mentioned already in Sefer Ha'yir'a, by Rabbenu Yona (Spain, 1210–1263), and in Seder Ha'yom (by Rav Moshe Ben Machir, Safed, 16th century). When one sleeps, he entrusts his soul to G-d, who returns it in the morning, and so when we wake up in the morning, we thank Hashem for returning our soul "Be'hemla" – with compassion. G-d is under no obligation to return our souls, but He does so in His infinite mercy and love. We must therefore expr...

We have been discussing the opening Halacha in the Shulhan Aruch requiring one to be "strong like a lion" to rise in the morning. The Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) adds: "Yakum Bi'zrizut La'abodat Bor'o" – "One shall rise with zeal for the service of his Creator." A number of commentators raised the question of how to reconcile these statements with the Gemara's warning in Masechet Gittin (70) that rising immediately after performing certain activities poses a danger to one's health. These activities include eating, drinking, blood-letting, and sleeping. How can the Shulhan Aruch and Rama require one to immediately jump ou...

The Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (5:20) instructs that one should "run like a deer" ("Ratz Ka'sevi") to fulfill Hashem's will. This refers to the requirement to perform Misvot energetically, with enthusiasm, and not lethargically, as though we would rather be doing something else. People often run to the synagogue when they are late for the Minyan – but the truth is that one should always "run like a deer" to shul, even when they have plenty of time. Walking fast to the synagogue shows one's enthusiasm and eagerness to serve Hashem, and so regardless of the time, even if one is early, he...

The Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (5:20) instructs us to be "Kal Ka'nesher" – "light as an eagle." The Tur, at the very beginning of the work, comments that although this appears to refer to zeal and alacrity in the performance of Misvot, this cannot be the correct meaning, because the Mishna then instructs us to "run like a deer" ("Ratz Ka'svi"), which clearly speaks of swift, energetic performance of Misvot. Rather, the Tur writes, "Kal Ka'nesher" means that we must ensure to guard our eyes and avoid forbidden sights. An eagle, which soars to great heights and flies at great speeds, can se...

The Midrash tells that each day, King David would have plans for the day, intending to go to various places and to see different people, but his legs always brought him to the Bet Midrash to learn Torah. The Or Ha'haim (Rav Haim Ben-Attar, 1696-1743) understood the Midrash's comment literally, that King David's legs had "a mind of their own," so-to-speak, and would bring David to the study hall despite his plans to go elsewhere. David had such a strong, deep-seated desire to learn Torah that his legs automatically took him to the Bet Midrash, even when he did not...

The Shulhan Aruch begins by urging us to be "strong as a lion" to wake up early for the service of our Creator. The Hesed La'alafim (Rav Eliezer Papo, 1785-1828) explains that struggling against the Yeser Ha'ra (evil inclination) is always a difficult challenge, but the struggle to wake up early in the morning is particularly difficult. Right when we wake up, it takes us time to be fully alert, and both our physical and mental faculties are frail. We are therefore in an especially compromised position vis-à-vis the Yeser Ha'ra, who is always "on top of its game" a...

Rav Yosef Karo, author of the Shulhan Aruch, begins his seminal work of Halacha by stating, "Yitgaber Ka'ari La'amod Ba'boker La'abodat Bor'o" – "One shall strengthen himself like a lion to arise in the morning for the service of his Creator." This exhortation is based on the Mishna in Pirkeh Abot (5:20), in which Yehuda Ben Tema urges us to be "brazen as a leopard, swift as an eagle, running like a deer, and mighty as a lion" to fulfill G-d's will. Some have raised the question of why the Shulhan Aruch brings only the analogy to a lion, and not the ot...

The Shulhan Aruch, the authoritative code of Halacha, begins with the following instruction: "Yitgaber Ka'ari La'amod Ba'boker La'abodat Bor'o" – "One shall strengthen himself like a lion to arise in the morning for the service of his Creator." The fact that this Halacha opens the Shulhan Aruch shows us that waking early in the morning is a fundamental part of our religious responsibilities. In fact, this quality is what impressed Bilam when he attempted to place a curse upon Beneh Yisrael, compelling him to bless them, instead, as he exclaimed, "Hen Am Ke'labi Yakum" – "Behold, a nation that rises like a lion...

The word "Yahrtzeit" comes from the Yiddish word "Yahr," which means "year," and it is of course used in reference to the date on which a loved one had passed away. It is customary for a person who observes a Yahrtzeit for a parent to recite Kaddish from the Shabbat preceding the Yahrtzeit. Thus, for example, if the Yahrtzeit falls on Tuesday, then the individual begins reciting Kaddish from the Kaddish Al Yisrael following "Bameh Madlikin" on Friday night, and he continues through Minha on Tuesday afternoon. It is customary for the person to also receive an Aliya on the...

When one concludes the twelve-month mourning period following a parent's passing, an event called an "Arayat" is customarily held. The word "Arayat" means "reading," and the event is so named because portions of Tehillim and of certain Kabbalistic works are read. Food is normally served as the event. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that if a person wishes to continue reciting Kaddish even after the twelve-month mourning period, he may do so, and this will bring benefit to the deceased's soul. Although the standard punishment in Gehinam lasts for only twelve months, Rav Haim Vital (1543-1620) writes that some wicked people...

After the passing of a parent, Heaven forbid, the child observes a twelve-month period of mourning, and thus, fundamentally, Kaddish should be recited for that entire period. However, the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) brings (Y.D. 376) Poskim who ruled that the mourner should stop reciting Kaddish after eleven months. This is due to the Mishna's teaching in Masechet Eduyot (2:10) that the wicked are punished in Gehinam for twelve months. If a mourner recites Kaddish for a parent for twelve months, this might give the impression that he considers his parent a wicked person, Heaven forbid, such that the...

If a mourner is reciting Pesukeh De'zimra when the congregation reaches the point where the mourners recite Kaddish – just before Alenu, at the end of the service – is the mourner allowed to interrupt his Pesukeh De'zimra recitation to say Kaddish? As a rule, it is forbidden to interrupt Pesukeh De'zimra, and the question thus arises whether reciting Kaddish for a parent qualifies as an exception where interrupting Pesukeh De'zimra is justified. The Mishna and Gemara in Masechet Berachot address the situation where a person is reciting Shema, or the blessings before or after Shema, when his father passes by. Strictly spea...

When a non-Jew undergoes conversion and becomes a Jew, he is, halachically speaking, no longer related to his biological parents. Nevertheless, if a convert's parent passes away, it is appropriate for him to recite Kaddish to benefit the parent's soul. He of course owes his parents a debt of gratitude for bringing him into the world and caring for him, and so it is proper recite Kaddish to benefit their soul. Although the parents are not Jewish, nevertheless, the Kaddish recitation enables their souls to rest peacefully in the afterlife, and it spares them from punishment. This is the ruling...

The Gemara in Masechet Yebamot (62b) teaches that grandchildren are considered like children. One application of this principle is the ruling of the Rama (Rav Moshe Isserles, Poland, 1530-1572) that the obligation of Kibbud Ab Ve'aem (honoring parents) includes a requirement to give honor to one's grandparents. Accordingly, Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that there is a Misva to recite Kaddish for a deceased grandparent, as this benefits the grandparent's soul and thus fulfills the Misva of Kibbud Ab Va'em. Indeed, the Kensset Ha'gedola (Rav Haim Benvenisti, Turkey, 1603-1673) writes that he instructed his sons to recite Kaddish for their grandmother...

If a person who had a daughter but no sons passed away, may the daughter recite Kaddish for her deceased parent? The Shebut Yaakob (Rav Yaakob Reischer, 1661-1733) ruled that a daughter may recite Kaddish for a parent if ten men assembled in her home, but not in the synagogue. Likewise, the Teshuba Me'ahaba (Rav Elazar Fleckeles, 1754-1826) writes that this was done in Amsterdam, with the approval of the local Rabbis. He adds that it was customary in Prague for elderly men and women to sit in the Ezrat Nashim (women's section) of the synagogue and recite Tehillim all...

Rav Shmuel Vital (1598-1677) writes that the custom in his time was to permit even young children to recite Kaddish for a deceased parent, Heaven forbid. Others, however, opposed this practice. Some Poskim permitted a child to recite Kaddish only if he is at least six years old and understands the concept of praying to Hashem. There were also Poskim who forbade any child under the age of Bar-Misva from reciting Kaddish for the congregation. Hacham Ovadia Yosef ruled that strictly speaking, if a child is at least six years old and understands the general concept of prayer, he may...

Following the Torah reading on Monday and Thursday, it is customary for the Kaddish to be recited by somebody who is observing the year of mourning for a parent. There is considerable controversy surrounding the question of asking the cantor to recite the Hashkaba prayer for a deceased parent beyond the year of mourning. Rav Yaakob Molcho (Jerusalem, 17 th century) is cited as asserting that it is improper to make a Hashkaba except during the year of mourning and during the week of the Yahrtzeit. He explained that when the Hashkaba is made, the deceased's soul descends from the heavens...

After a family member's passing, one has the status of "Onen" until the burial. During this period, he is exempt from Misvot, and thus he does not recite Kaddish. If, however, a family member is not tending to the funeral preparations, then he may recite Kaddish for the parent. Thus, for example, if a loved one passed away on Friday night, or during the night of Yom Tob, one may recite Kaddish, since he is unable to tend to funeral preparations on Shabbat or Yom Tob. Even on a weekday, a person may recite Kaddish for a loved one once...

The Poskim addressed the situation of a man who, after his wife's passing, asks his son not to recite Kaddish for her. He might feel uneasy about his son saying Kaddish because people who see this might mistakenly think that he, the father, had passed away, or might just ask questions which would make the father uncomfortable. Should the son obey his father's wishes, or should he recite Kaddish in defiance of his father to honor his mother's memory? The preferred solution in this case is for the son to ask a Rabbi or someone else whom the father respects...

In a previous installment, we discussed the great value of the Kaddish recitation for a deceased parent, and how it benefits the parent's soul. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) emphasizes in particular the value of the Kaddish recited following the reading of Tehillim. He writes that this Kaddish recitation has the ability to protect a parent's soul from harmful forces in the afterlife. However, notwithstanding the great importance and value of Kaddish, one must realize that other Misvot, too, bring great benefit to a parent's soul. The Gemara (Sanhedrin 104) teaches, "Bera Mezakeh Abba" – a son brings merit to...

The Or Zarua (Rav Yishak of Vienna, 13 th century) brings a Midrash that tells a remarkable story about Rabbi Akiba, who once saw a man running frantically while carrying a large stack of twigs. The man was unclothed, and his body was black like charcoal. Rabbi Akiba asked the man to stop, and offered to help. He assumed that this man was a slave working for a ruthless master, and he wanted to release him from his state of servitude so he would not have to continue suffering. The man explained to Rabbi Akiba that he actually was not from...

The Kaddish text (specifically, "Kaddish Titkabal" and "Kaddish Yeheh Shelama") concludes with the famous prayer for peace: "Oseh Shalom Bi'mromav Hu Ya'aseh Shalom Alenu Ve'al Kol Yisrael, Ve'imru Amen" – "He who makes peace in His high places shall bestow peace upon us and upon all Israel, and say: Amen." This prayer, as we know, also concludes the silent Amida and Birkat Ha'mazon, and for good reason – because the most important thing we can pray for is peace. The previous line in Kaddish also prays for peace ("Yeheh Shelama Rabba" – "May there be an abundance of peace…"), but the prayer of "Oseh Sha...

In the "Kaddish Yeheh Shelama," which is recited by mourners at the end of the prayer service, we make twelve requests, asking for: "Shelama Rabba" (an abundance of peace), "Haim" (life), "Saba" (satiation), "Yeshua" (salvation), "Nehama" (consolation), "Shezaba" (protection), "Refua" (health), "Ge'ula" (redemption), "Seliha" (forgiveness), "Kapara" (atonement), "Revah" ("relief"), and "Hasala" (deliverance). These twelve requests correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel – which were founded by the twelve righteous sons of Yaakob Abinu – and we pray to Hashem to grant us these wishes in their merit. The word "Revah" (translated above as "relief") could also refer to material prosperity. The Ariz...

In the "Kaddish De'Rabbanan" – known as "Kaddish Al Yisrael" – a special prayer is offered on behalf of the Torah scholars and their students. We pray for the wellbeing of the Rabbis, and for "Talmidihon Ve'al Talmideh Talmidehon" – "their students, and their students' students" – that is, for three generations of scholars. This parallels the verse in the Book of Yeshayahu (59:21) in which Hashem promises that the words of the Torah will not depart "from your mouth, from the mouth of your offspring, or from the mouth of your offspring's offspring." The Gemara derives from this verse that if three generations in a family...

The Gemara posits the principle that "Yisrael Af Al Pi She'hata Yisrael Hu" – a Jew does not lose his status as a Jew even after he sins. As a general rule, then, a Jew who violates Torah law is nevertheless considered a full-fledged Jew in all respects. There are, however, a number of exceptions. One is a person who commits sins 'Le'ha'ch'is" – with the specific intention to anger G-d. If a person not only transgresses the Torah, but has decided to spitefully reject G-d, and he thus commits Torah transgressions out of anger and resentment – and not due to convenience, for mo...

Whereas some Kaddishim end with "Da'amiran Be'alma Ve'imru Amen," others consist of additional prayers and conclude with "Oseh Shalom Bi'mromav…" Is the one reciting Kaddish required to take three steps back for "Oseh Shalom" at the end of Kaddish, as we do for "Oseh Shalom" at the end of the Amida? The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909), in his Od Yosef Hai, distinguished in this regard between the "Kaddish Titkabal" that the Hazzan recites following the repetition of the Amida, and other Kaddishim. For the Hazzan reciting "Kaddish Titkabal," the Ben Ish Hai writes, taking three st...