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So how do they work? When you take a breath, air travels through your lungs using tubes called airways, or bronchi. The airways funnel to sacs, called alveoli, where your red blood cells absorb all the oxygen your body needs.那么，它们是如何起作用的呢？当你吸气时，空气通过称为气道或支气管的管道进入肺部。气道最终通向被称为肺泡的气囊，红血球就在这里吸收身体所需的全部氧气。

But if you have asthma, the muscles around your airways may tighten, the lining of your airways may get inflamed, and your lungs may make too much of the mucus they use to trap dust and germs. Essentially, this clogs the pipes and makes it difficult to exhale.但如果你患有哮喘，气道周围的肌肉可能会收缩，气道内壁可能发炎，而肺部可能会产生过多的黏液——这种黏液原本用于捕捉灰尘和病菌。结果就像管道被堵住一样，使呼气变得困难。

Rescue inhalers deliver a medication called a bronchodilator that quickly relaxes these muscles, making it easier to breathe. These bronchodilators are short acting, lasting around four hours.急救型吸入器会输送一种名为“支气管扩张剂”的药物，它能迅速放松这些肌肉，使呼吸变得顺畅。这类支气管扩张剂属于短效药物，作用时间大约为四小时。

Rescue inhalers can be used for COPD, too. COPD is a catch-all term to desc...

Early 20th century writer, Marcel Proust, finished his magnum opus “In Search of Lost Time” from bed— in a cork-lined room to keep allergens out. Proust suffered from severe asthma. At the time, there weren’t great treatments. When breathlessness set in, he’d burn powders that filled the space with smoke and fumes. Or, for a quick fix, he’d smoke a doctor-recommended anti-asthma cigarette. These powders and cigarettes commonly contained thorn apple, which can open your airways. However, both were clearly terrible ideas. Smoking and fumes bring damaging, carcinogenic toxins into your lungs.二十世纪初的作家马塞尔·普鲁斯特，在床上完成了他的鸿篇巨著《追忆似水年华》——他住在一个用软木塞包裹的房间里，以隔绝过敏原。普鲁斯特患有严重的哮喘，而当时并没有有效的治疗方法。当他呼吸困难时，会燃烧一些粉末，使房间充满烟雾和气味；或者，为了快速缓解，他会抽医生推荐的“抗哮喘香烟”。这些粉末和香烟通常含有曼陀罗成分，可以帮助打开气道。然而，这两种做法显然都是糟糕的主意——吸入烟雾会把有害的致癌毒素带入肺部。

Thankfully, today we have inhalers— simple but powerful devices that deliver lung medications straight to the source and without the nasty side effects of smoke inhalation.幸运的是，如今我们有了吸入器——这种简单而强大的装置能将药物直接输送到肺部病灶处，而不会产生吸入烟雾带来的副作用。

Inhalers are mainly used to treat two conditions: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. And there are two main types: preventative inhalers and rescue inhalers. Preventa

The major supermarkets have imposed their own voluntary ban on selling high-caffeine drinks to the under-16s, but this isn't the case in many smaller stores. Plans to prohibit their sale to children in England were published by the last government but then shelved. Now they're being revived by ministers.英格兰各大主要超市已经开始在店内自主实施禁令，不再向 16 岁以下的未成年人售卖咖啡因含量高的饮料，但许多小型商超并没有这样做。禁止在英格兰向未成年人售卖能量饮料的计划由上一届政府发布，但随后被搁置。现在政府大臣们正着手恢复这一计划。

The ban will apply to drinks containing more than 150 milligrams of caffeine per litre. Some drinks contain almost three times this amount. By contrast, a standard cola contains about 120 milligrams per litre. The British Soft Drinks Association said under its code of practice members didn't market or promote the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.该禁令将涵盖咖啡因含量超过每升 150 毫克的饮料。有些饮料中的咖啡因含量几乎达到了这个量的三倍。相比之下，普通的可乐饮料每升含约 120 毫克咖啡因。英国软饮料协会称，根据该协会的行业准则要求，协会的成员企业并没有向 16 岁以下的未成年人推销或宣传能量饮料。

In Scotland, there are restrictio

How much pocket money did you get as a child, if any? Was it a regular, weekly allowance, or just occasional one-off payments for chores? Parents around the world have different ideas about the dos and don'ts of pocket money. How much should parents give? Should they track what their children spend money on? And where is the balance between teaching children valuable life lessons and simply spoiling them?您小时候得到了多少零用钱？ 这是常规的，每周的津贴，还是偶尔的一次杂务付款？ 世界各地的父母对零用钱的零用钱有不同的想法。 父母应该给多少？ 他们应该跟踪孩子花钱吗？ 教孩子有价值的生活课程和简单地破坏他们之间的平衡在哪里？

Giving children pocket money offers more than just disposable income – it can provide lessons in financial literacy. One of the first things children can learn is that money is finite – once it is spent, there's no more until the next allowance. This awareness can help children learn how to budget and make good financial decisions. For example, they might spend weeks saving up for...

Simply put, to make better digital cameras, you need image sensors with higher numbers of larger photosites. Engineers know this. In fact, it’s basically how they’ve made the best cameras humanity have: giant telescopes that take photos of deep space. But phones don't even have as much sensor space as a standard DSLR camera, let alone the surface area of a massive telescope. In fact, most phone camera sensors are no larger than a pea.简单来说，要制造更好的数码相机，就需要拥有更多、更大的感光元件（photosites）的图像传感器。工程师们对此心知肚明。事实上，人类迄今为止制造出的最强大“相机”——那些拍摄深空的巨型望远镜——正是基于这一原理。然而，手机的传感器面积远小于单反相机，更不用说庞大的望远镜镜面了。实际上，大多数手机相机的传感器都不过豌豆大小。

Fortunately, these devices have a technological trick to compensate for their cameras’ tiny size: powerful processors. When you snap a picture on your phone, this pocket-computer starts running complex algorithms, which often begin by secretly taking a string of photos in rapid succession. The algorithms then manipulate these pictures, using math to perfectly align them and identify their best parts before combining the images into one...

When the Visualphone VP210 hit the market in 1999, it advertised a never-before-seen feature: a camera. With only 0.11 megapixels and storage for 20 photos, the Visualphone is a relic compared to modern devices sporting three distinct cameras, each with up to 100 times more resolution. But while this technology has improved dramatically in the 21st century, engineers are rapidly approaching a hard limit on phone camera quality.1999年，当Visualphone VP210上市时，它宣传了一项前所未有的功能——摄像头。这个摄像头仅有0.11百万像素，最多能储存20张照片。与当今配备三颗摄像头、分辨率高出上百倍的智能手机相比，Visualphone简直就是古董。然而，尽管这项技术在21世纪突飞猛进，工程师们如今正迅速接近手机相机质量的硬性极限。

To understand this limit, we first need to know how phone cameras work. Just like any other digital camera, when your phone takes a picture, light enters through its lens. This lens focuses the light onto an image sensor covered in a grid of photosites— microscopic light sensors roughly 100 times smaller than a grain of sand. There are millions of these sensors, and each one is covered by a red, green, or...

So we ended up taking the car back, it was no longer functional, and we decided to place it in an art gallery in Los Angeles. And at this gallery, actually, I got to attend the opening, and at the opening I observed something that I totally did not expect to see, which was purchasers of the key had flown in from all over the country, not just to see the thing that they had touched and interacted with show up in a gallery, but they were actually there to meet each other for the first time. I watched...

When you open Pandora's box of bad ideas, clearly the sky's the limit. So let's keep pushing it. I got three minutes.当你打开“坏点子”的潘多拉魔盒时，很明显，没有什么是不能尝试的。所以让我们继续往前推。我还有三分钟。

This is a big fruit loop. I don't -- there's not much else to say. It's real. It's about the size of a dinner plate. It takes a lot of milk to put down, but I assure you, it's just as good as the original.这是一个巨大的麦圈。我没什么别的好说的。它是真的，大小差不多有一只餐盘那么大。需要很多牛奶才能吃下去，但我保证，它的味道和原版一样好。

This is what we call an Alexagate. It's an electronics device armed with seven ultrasonic speakers at its base that blasts white noise into the mic of any Alexa device to keep it from eavesdropping on you when you're not using it.这是我们称之为 Alexagate 的东西。它是一种电子设备，底部装有七个超声波扬声器，会向 Alexa 设备的麦克风发射白噪音，从而防止 Alexa 在你不用的时候偷听你。

And then this one is a life-size sculpture that keeps...

I'm glad you guys think it's funny. I thought it was horrifying. So it wasn't enough for us to just make this. We had to put it in the right place. Does it go outside our studio in Brooklyn? Do we put it in Times Square? My colleagues and I conferred for a little bit, and we realized there's only one place that this thing can ever go. It's Art Basel Miami.很高兴你们觉得这件事好笑。但在我看来，它其实挺可怕的。所以，光是做出这台机器还不够，我们必须把它放在合适的地方。是放在布鲁克林的工作室门口？还是放在时代广场？我和同事们商量了一下，最后发现，这东西唯一合适的地方就是 迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展。

So we take it to Miami. Somehow, we get our way into a gallery and we get into a booth. And on day one, people were actually a little bit hesitant to engage, which I totally get it. It's a little bit shady. It's participatory, I understand. But eventually people would muster up the courage to swipe their card. They would clock in at lik...

So you've probably figured out by now that I'm not actually here to sell you keys to a car. Today I'm here to talk to you about bad ideas. The kind of ideas that typically die on the vine because reason or work colleagues get in the way. But to me, these are the most exciting ideas because you just never know what might happen.你们大概已经猜到了，我其实不是来卖车钥匙的。今天我想谈的是“坏点子”。这种点子通常在一开始就会被扼杀，因为理性思考或同事的否决会把它挡在路上。但在我看来，这些恰恰是最令人兴奋的点子，因为你永远不知道它们最终会变成什么。

Take these crazy-looking shoes, for example. I think it was like the spring of 2023. My colleagues and I were sketching out the initial prototypes of the Big Red Boot. I remember us being equal parts terrified because, of course, like, who's going to wear these, much less spend money on them? But at the same time, the moment that we put on the initial prototypes ourselves --就拿这双长得很疯狂的鞋子来说吧。我记得那...

Good morning everyone. My name is Gabe. I'm a traveling car salesman. So today, I'm here to sell you the keys to this car, this beautiful vintage PT Cruiser. I mean, look at that faux wood side paneling. I'm told it's got turbo. Look. It's a work of art. Trust me.大家早上好。我叫 Gabe。我是一名四处奔波的汽车推销员。今天，我来是要把这辆车的钥匙卖给你们——这辆漂亮的复古 PT Cruiser。看看这仿木纹的侧板，多特别。我听说它还有涡轮增压。看看吧，这就是一件艺术品。相信我。

Now, when I say that I'm selling the keys to this car, I really mean it. I have 5,000 of these keys, and every single last one of them works to that car. You click the key fob once, it unlocks the door, you click it twice, it starts the engine. If you buy any one of these 5,000 keys from me, naturally you get access to the car, but so do 4,999 other people. Whatever happens beyond that is...

Once again, there are many possibilities, all consistent with the data. Some with a lot more metal, some with less. And the difference is a measure of uncertainties. This enables us to know where we should collect information next, where we should drill the next hole, and when we can stop drilling and actually start building a mine.再一次，我们面对的是许多种可能性，而这些可能性都与现有数据相符。有些含有更多金属，有些则更少。而这种差异，正是我们对不确定性的衡量。这让我们能够判断下一步该在哪里收集信息、在哪里钻下一个孔，以及什么时候可以停止钻探，转而真正开始建矿。

To build the mine of the future, we continue to contend with this uncertainty. The industry designs an entire mine based on a single model. We're developing KoBold mine, a mine-design optimization tool that looks at the many possible mine designs against the many possible ore body geometries that we talked about earlier. This enables the best decisions about how much ore we're going to mine, how much waste we're going to produce, how much water we'll use...

The incumbent industry deals with this problem by ignoring it. They pick one possible answer and act like the other ones don't exist. And as a result, we design suboptimal mines, make suboptimal decisions, often mining unnecessary material.现有的矿业行业处理这个问题的方式是忽视它。他们只选择一个可能的答案，然后假装其他可能性不存在。结果就是，我们设计出的矿山并不理想，做出的决策也并不优化，经常还会开采大量不必要的物料。

We've invented a different way. We collect all the possibilities consistent with the data measured, and we do this by simulating the physical response of each of the arrangement of rocks. We do this 10,000 times faster by training an AI to learn the relevant physics of the rock beneath, in the time it takes the conventional method to test one. That means we collect better data, we make better predictions of where to look next. So if you had a rock body and a rock body that's denser than material around it, you mi...

So we need to look deeper. Controversially, we've been taught that these materials will run out. We don't lack ore body deposits. We lack information of where they lie. So if you had a crystal ball, you'd just look into it and start digging out the rocks that are the best and generate the least waste. But we don't have a crystal ball. So the thing that we should do is make predictions of where these materials lie.所以我们需要向更深处探索。一直以来，存在一种争议性的说法：这些矿产资源会枯竭。但实际上，我们并不缺少矿体，我们缺少的是关于它们分布位置的信息。如果你有一个水晶球，只要看一眼，就能直接去挖掘那些品质最好、废料最少的矿石。但现实是我们没有水晶球，所以我们必须依靠预测，推断这些矿产究竟分布在哪里。

My colleagues and I at KoBold are doing what the industry has neglected to do. We aim to predict everything, quantify what we don't know and collect information efficiently. So we're all going to try that right now. I want you to predict 1,000 meters below your feet what the concentration of copper is right where you're sitting. I want you to predict how hard it is, how fracture...

I was born and raised in Zambia, a country known for its rich copper mining history. Alignment of the stars meant that by birth and by science, I became a miner. Everything we build and use was either grown or mined. From the walls to the windows, the tables and the chairs, your phones, your computers, the stage, my copper earrings and maybe your jewelry.我在赞比亚出生并长大，这个国家以丰富的铜矿开采历史闻名。命运与科学的安排，使我自然而然成为了一名矿工。我们建造和使用的一切，要么是种出来的，要么是挖出来的。从墙壁到窗户，从桌子到椅子，从你的手机到电脑，从舞台到我戴的铜耳环，甚至可能还有你的首饰。

So today when we talk about building a circular economy, we mean we need to electrify everything. Our economies will have cars and trucks, robots, drones and aircraft powered by batteries. Our children will need computers in all schools with equal access, and we'll have data centers full of advanced chips to bring us AI, all sourced by abundant sources of renewable energy. The raw materials we'll need will be recyclable so we can b...

Somewhere on a farm in Iowa in 2010, a hen lays an egg. In just a few short weeks, this egg will be part of a massive infection event: thousands of people will fall ill, millions of eggs will be recalled, and several egg industry titans will ultimately land in jail, all thanks to a microscopic but mighty bacterium.2010年，在爱荷华州的一座农场里，一只母鸡产下了一枚鸡蛋。仅仅几个星期后，这枚鸡蛋将成为一场大规模感染事件的一部分：成千上万的人会生病，数百万枚鸡蛋将被召回，而几位蛋业巨头最终会锒铛入狱，而这一切都源于一种微小却强大的细菌。

Salmonella infects millions worldwide each year, causing fever, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. And these effects can be extreme: Salmonella is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from food poisoning.↳每年，全世界有数百万人感染沙门氏菌，导致发烧、胃痉挛和腹泻。这些影响可能非常严重：沙门氏菌是食物中毒导致住院和死亡的主要原因。

So, let’s follow this microbe to find out how it makes so many people sick.那么，让我们跟随这种微生物，看看它是如何让如此多人患病的。

We begin in the chicken's digestive tract, a major source of all Salmonella infections. In chickens, Salmonella bacteria often go undetected, allowing them to spread to eggs either through the developing yolk or by passing through feces, which can then c...

The animal is covered in spikes all over its back including some that are one metre long emerging from its neck. It also has a bony collar that wraps around its neck and what looks like a pointy mace-like weapon at the end of its tail. Professor Richard Butler of Birmingham University said it was the most exciting specimen he'd ever seen.这种动物的背部布满尖刺，其中一些从颈部伸出的尖刺长达一米。它的脖子上还有一个骨干环，尾巴末端有看起来像是一种和狼牙棒类似的尖锐武器。伯明翰大学的理查德·巴特勒教授表示，这是他所见过的最令人兴奋的恐龙标本。

The discovery, which has been published in the journal Nature, turns current ideas – that armour evolved gradually in these animals over tens of millions of years – on their head. Instead, it suggests that the armour was elaborate to start with, possibly for mating and display, and then became simpler and possibly more effective as protection from predators, according to Professor Susannah Maidment of the Natural...

It's normal for our bodies to not always be in tip-top condition, whether we catch the flu, have aching muscles after lots of exercise or get travel sick. But there's an ingredient that can help with all of that, and it can be used in all sorts of ways.我们的身体并不总是处于尖端状态是正常的，无论我们感受到流感，运动后肌肉疼痛还是患病。 但是，有一种成分可以帮助所有这些，并且可以以各种方式使用。

Ginger isn't just something to have in the kitchen – it's been used as an aidfor centuries. Research consistently shows it eases nausea, such asmotion sickness, and is recommended as a remedy by the NHS for helpingease pregnancy sickness. Anna Daniels, a dietitian and spokesperson for the British Dietetic Association, says it's so beneficial because it has "powerful anti-inflammatory properties which assist with reducing inflammation in t...

We all know that having too much work and too much stress can lead to burnout, but did you know that the opposite can also be a problem? Have you ever felt that your job was too easy and that everything was just a bit too boring? If so, you might be suffering from rust out.我们都知道，工作量过多，压力太多会导致倦怠，但是您知道恰恰相反可能是一个问题吗？ 您是否曾经觉得您的工作太简单了，一切都太无聊了？ 如果是这样，您可能会遭受生锈。

Rust out happens when there isn't enough challenge to motivate you to keep going in your job. Without some challenge, it can be hard to feelgrowth in your role. If a job has lots of repetitive and monotonous tasks, it can make it hard to see the purpose of a role. Having a lower level of responsibility at work than before can also make it harder to feel fulfilled in a job...

Historians face many problems in piecing together the past from ancient inscriptions. They're usually incomplete, and also their origin and date may not be known.历史学家们在用古代铭文拼凑过往时面临许多难题。这些铭文通常残缺不全，而且它们的来源和年代也可能无从知晓。

Researchers attempt to fill in the blanks by drawing on texts that are similar in wording, grammar, and appearance. Ancient inscriptions tend to be formulaic, so historians can infer what the missing part of the sentence is saying from similar inscriptions. The process is painstaking and can take months or years.研究人员们尝试填补铭文中的空白部分，他们通过借鉴在措辞、语法和外观上类似的文本来完成这项工作。古代铭文往往具有程式化的特征，所以历史学家们可以从相似的铭文中推断出一个句子中缺失的部分所要表达的内容。这个过程是十分艰难的，可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。

Aeneas does this in the blink of an eye, by drawing from a database of 176,000 ancient Roman writings.而埃涅阿斯仅用一眨眼的功夫就能完成这项工作，它依靠的是从一个包含 17.6 万份古罗马文献的数据库中提取信息。

I also think there's a systematic or institutional resistance, right? Because genomics is thetipof the spear for preventive care. It's really the first in a series of things that we need to bring in order to preserve our health: multiomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, wearables, all the exciting things we've heard about that will keep us well instead of simply treating us when we're sick.我也认为存在一种系统性或制度性的抵制，对吧？因为基因组学是预防医疗的“矛头”。它实际上是我们为了保持健康所需要引入的一系列手段中的第一步：多组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、可穿戴设备，所有这些令人兴奋的技术，都是为了帮助我们保持健康，而不仅仅是在生病时才进行治疗。

Now, I'm happy to tell you that I've co-founded an international consortium on newborn sequencing. It's grown to 27 groups around the world that are all doing this in different healthcare systems. We get together, we compare notes, we share data. It's really exciting. I go to these annual meetings, it’s the most exciting meeting I go to every year, we feel like we're inventing an entirely new field of medicine.现在，我很高兴地告诉大家，我共同创立了一个关于新生儿基因测序的国际联盟。它已经发展到全球27个团队，...

But that system is overburdened, under-resourced, and since 2008, it's only added nine new conditions. And as we've just said, there are several hundred treatable genetic conditions today. It’s going to be very hard for them to keep up.但该体系人手不足、资源匮乏，自2008年以来仅新增了九种疾病。正如我们刚才所说，如今有数百种可治疗的遗传性疾病，单靠现有体系很难跟得上。

Why are people so resistant? Why aren't we demanding this? Well, part of the reason is human psychology, right? You bring home this perfect little baby, and you don't really want to look for something that might be wrong, even if, intellectually, you know it might be treatable. But we've got to get past that.人们为什么如此抗拒？为什么我们不去强烈要求普及这项技术？部分原因来自人类心理：把这个完美的小宝宝带回家后，你并不想去寻找可能存在的问题——即便从理智上你知道这些问题可能是可治疗的。但我们必须突破这种心理障碍。

The other reason is privacy concerns. And this is sort of ironic because privacy concerns are real. Your DNA is a biometric. It's kind of like a fingerprint. There's certainly some law enforcement considerations, but if somebody steals my genome, they really can't make much of it. Whereas if they steal my electronic footprint or your...

Let me let you hear from a couple of the BabySeq mothers who've gone through this and hear what they have to say about the findings in their own children.让我带你听听几位参与 BabySeq 项目的母亲们的心声，听听她们对于自己孩子检测结果的看法。

Now, this was baby Adam, who had an elastin gene mutation which can be associated with a narrowed aorta.这是婴儿亚当，他有一个弹性蛋白基因突变，这种突变可能与主动脉狭窄有关。

Finding out that your newborn has a heart problem, of all things, is absolutely terrifying. But knowing that we could be proactive gave us some peace of mind that we were doing everything we could do instead of being surprised down the road.发现自己新生的孩子居然有心脏问题，这无疑是极其可怕的。但得知我们能够主动采取措施，这让我们心里多少有些安慰，因为我们已经尽力而为，而不是在未来突然遭遇意外打击。

And in fact, after this mutation was found, a scan found that this baby's aorta was already mildly narrowed, it can now be followed and treated if it gets worse.事实上，在发现这个突变后，扫描检查表明这个婴儿的主动脉已经出现轻度狭窄。如今可以进行随访监测，如果情况恶化，就能及时治疗。

Baby Cora, who's now almost nine years old, was found to have mut...

People were aghast. They thought we were going to do terrible medical things to these children. They thought there was going to be catastrophic psychological distress, and they thought we were going to spend all sorts of money. So we've spent ten yearsexquisitely studying the medical, behavioral and economic impact of newborn genetic sequencing. And we don't have all the answers yet, but I have to tell you that what we've discovered so far is pretty reassuring.↳人们当时都很震惊。他们以为我们要对这些孩子进行可怕的医学实验；他们以为这会带来灾难性的心理创伤；他们还以为我们会花费大量的金钱。于是，我们花了十年时间，精细地研究新生儿基因测序在医学、行为和经济上的影响。虽然我们还没有得到全部的答案，但到目前为止的发现已经相当令人安心。

Now, what was really surprising about this was what we found in these normal babies. If you take, let's say, 400 genes which represent conditions that are treatable today, absolutely treatable, in about 1,000 families, we found mutations in those genes in about four percent of these babies. Four percent.真正让人惊讶的是，我们在这些健康的新生儿中发现了什么。假设我们取大约400个基因，这些基因代表了当今可以明确治疗的疾病，在大约1000个家庭的...

So on April 22, 2015, a four-day-old baby girl in Boston, let's call her baby Maria, became the first healthy infant in human history to have her genome comprehensively sequenced, comprehensively analyzed, as part of a clinical controlled trial in preventive genomics.2015年4月22日，在波士顿，一名只有四天大的女婴——我们姑且称她为玛丽亚宝宝——成为人类历史上第一位健康婴儿，她的基因组在一项预防性基因组学的临床对照试验中被全面测序并进行全面分析。

Now, why is this important? It's great to be first, but it's important because when children are ill, everybody's upset. But when children remain ill and doctors can't figure out what's going on, well, that casts their parents into a diagnostic odyssey that can take years and be incredibly agonizing. It can create all sorts of misunderstanding, misdiagnosis and mismanagement.那么，为什么这很重要呢？成为“第一”固然值得称道，但更重要的是，当孩子生病时，全家都会陷入焦虑。而当孩子长期患病而医生却无法找出病因时，父母就会踏上一段漫长而痛苦的“诊断奥德赛”，这种折磨可能持续多年。它会带来各种误解、误诊，甚至错误治疗。

The data shows the average surface temperature of UK waters in the seven months to the end of July was more than 0.2 degrees celsius higher than any year since 1980. Now that might not sound much, but the UK's seas are now considerably warmer than even a few decades ago.数据显示，在截至七月底的七个月里，英国海水的平均表面温度比 1980 年以来的任何一年都高出零点二摄氏度以上。这个温度升幅也许听起来不算太多，但是如今英国海水的温度已经比几十年前高出了相当多。

Scientists and amateur naturalists in the south-west of England have observed a remarkable range of species, not usually seen in UK waters. They include large numbers of bluefin tuna and octopuses, as well as mauve stinger jellyfish, conger eels, humpback whales and even the world's second-largest whale species, the fin whale.科学家和业余博物学家在英格兰的西南部观察到了一系列非同寻常的物种，这些物种在英国海域中并不常见。这其中包括大量的蓝鳍金枪鱼和章鱼，以及紫纹海刺水母、康吉鳗鱼、座头鲸，甚至还有世界第二大鲸鱼物种——长须鲸。

But there have also been significant declin

"The railway that got the world on track." On the 27 September 1825, crowds gathered in a small market town in north-east England to witness something that had not been seen before – a train carrying passengers for the first time. It had taken eight hours to travel 48km – around the speed of an average cyclist – but this steam locomotive was a pioneer in the development of modern railways and changed the world forever as rail spread across the globe.“使世界步入正轨的铁路”。 1825年9月27日，人群聚集在英格兰东北部的一个小市小镇，目睹了以前从未见过的东西 - 第一次载着乘客的火车。 在普通骑自行车的人的速度下，旅行48公里花了八个小时，但是这种蒸汽机车是现代铁路发展的先驱，随着铁路在全球范围内蔓延，世界永远改变了世界。

2025 marks 200 years of passenger trains, and the UK is celebrating this milestone with Railway 200 – a year-long programme of events. From guided walking tours along old, abandoned rail routes, to competitions and careers events. Railway 200 organisers have also designed a travelling exhibition on a special train that will criss-cross the UK for 12 months. Admission to the train is f...

Take the chick killing. Innovators have developed in-ovo sexing technology that allows the egg industry to only hatch the female chicks. Thanks to that, Germany recently banned the killing of day-old chicks entirely, andFranceand Italy are largely doing so too.说到小鸡的屠杀，创新者已经研发出了“蛋内分性”技术，使得蛋类产业只孵化雌性小鸡。正因如此，德国最近全面禁止了对刚出生一天的小鸡的屠杀，法国和意大利也在大规模推行这一做法。

Other innovators are developing alternative proteins, made from plants, algae, even animal cells to meet the world's growing demand for animal protein without more factory farming.还有一些创新者正在研发替代蛋白质，来源包括植物、藻类，甚至是动物细胞，以满足全球对动物蛋白日益增长的需求，而无需更多的工厂化养殖。

And yet, for all this progress, the problem overall is still growing worse. More animals are suffering at human hands today than at any prior point in our history.然而，尽管已经有了这些进步，整体问题仍在恶化。如今，在人类手中受苦的动物数量，比历史上任何时期都要多。

We raise and kill 210 billion animals globally every year. Two hundred and ten billion. That's more than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.全球每年被饲养并屠杀的动物高达2100亿只。2100亿！这个数字甚至超过了人类在地球上有史以来的总人口数。

We ar...

And this. This is a trash can full of live baby chicks. I honestly didn't believe this one when I first heard about it. It just sounded like comic-book villain stuff. But it's real. The egg industry has no need for the seven billion male chicks born annually. So it kills them on their first day alive in this world, typically by throwing them in the trash or into a giant meat grinder.还有这个。这是一只装满活小鸡的垃圾桶。老实说，第一次听到这个时，我根本不相信，听起来就像漫画里反派的恶行。但这是真的。蛋类产业对每年出生的大约七十亿只雄性小鸡没有任何用途，因此它们在生命的第一天就被杀死，通常的做法是直接扔进垃圾桶，或丢进巨大的绞肉机。

I could go on, but don't worry, I won't. We're all done with the images.我可以继续讲下去，但别担心，我不会了。关于图片的部分到此为止。

I'm guessing you're not a fan of what you just saw. And you're not alone. Eighty-eight percent of Americans told a recent survey that they think gestation crates and battery cages are unacceptable. Try finding any other issue that 88 percent of Americans can agree on today.我想你对刚才看到的东西一定不喜欢。而你并不孤单。最近一项调查显示，88%的美国人认为妊娠栏和电池笼是不可接受的。如今，你几乎找不到另...

Honestly, the slaughterhouse wasn't as bad as I'd expected. It was the state of the animals arriving there that shook me. I remember seeing pigs coming down off a transport truck. Some shaking, some squealing, some limping in pain.说实话，屠宰场本身并没有我想象中那么糟糕。真正让我震惊的是抵达那里的动物的状态。我记得看到一些猪从运输卡车上被赶下来，有的在发抖，有的在尖叫，有的痛苦地一瘸一拐。

"Liam," I said, "why are those pigs limping?" "Not my problem," he replied. So I looked into it.“利亚姆，”我问，“那些猪为什么一瘸一拐的？”他回答说：“不关我的事。”于是我决定自己去调查。

Before I tell you what I learned, let me say I'm not here to tell you what to eat. In fact, I don't think this should be on you as an individual consumer at all. You never chose factory farming. When the factory farms came in and replaced the old family farms, they didn't tell you they were doing it. They didn't relabel the meat as "Now from miserable animals." They labeled it as "all natural" and "farm fresh."在告诉你我发现了...

Today, I want to talk with you of the most important moral issues we never talk about. And that's factory farming.今天，我想和大家谈一谈一个我们几乎从不讨论、却极其重要的道德问题——那就是工厂化养殖。

But first, I want to share with you the story of how I came to be here. I grew up in New Zealand, and yes, we had a sheep farm. It was small, 100 acres of rolling hills, and the sheep would graze the hillsides by day and then retreat to the hilltops to circle up and fall asleep at night. That's me, ready to farm right after my picnic.但在此之前，我想先和你们分享一下我为什么会站在这里。我是在新西兰长大的，我们家确实有一个羊场。它很小，只有100英亩的起伏丘陵。白天，羊群在山坡上吃草；晚上，它们会退到山顶，围成一圈进入梦乡。那就是我，野餐之后准备去放羊的样子。

The sheep ultimately went to slaughter, but I always felt like at least they'd lived good lives and had quick deaths. Frankly, if I'm ever reincarnated as a sheep, which, as a New Zealander, is not unlikely这些羊最终都会被宰杀，但我一直觉得，至少它们过着不错的生活，死得也算迅速。坦白说，如果我有来世变成了一只羊——作为一个新西兰人，这其实并非不可能——

I'd like to live their life. When I w...

Moving from one group to another is something that shapes both gorilla and human society. To understand more about its evolutionary origins, researchers studied decades of data on mountain gorillas in the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, an area that's been monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund since the 60s.从一个群体迁移到另一个群体，这种行为塑造着大猩猩和人类社会。为了进一步了解这种行为的进化起源，研究人员研究分析了几十年来在卢旺达火山国家公园居住的山地大猩猩的数据，该区域自上世纪 60 年代以来一直受到黛安·弗西大猩猩基金会的监测。

The research team tracked the dispersal of 56 different female gorillas over the years. They discovered that the animals tended to join groups with females they knew, friends they'd grown up with or females that they'd made a social connection with more recently. Even if two females had been apart for many years they'd often reunite when an animal moved groups. The scientists say this shows that the relationship between two female gorillas is much more socially significant than previously thoug

Food colouring is difficult to avoid. From bright orange cheesy crisps to frosted cakes, and even peanuts and meat, these additives make food more visually appealing. But for years, people have been worried about their safety and the long-term effects on our bodies. So, just how bad is food colouring, and what are the alternatives?食用着色很难避免。 从明亮的橙色俗气的薯片到磨砂蛋糕，甚至花生和肉，这些添加剂使食物在视觉上更具吸引力。 但是多年来，人们一直担心自己的安全和对我们身体的长期影响。 那么，食用色素有多糟糕，还有什么选择？

Synthetic food dyes, like Red 40 and Yellow 6, have been linked to hyperactivity and attention problems in children, particularly those in key stages of brain development. Studies show that even small amounts of these dyes, which are commonly found in ultra-processed foods, can affect behaviour. In 2010, the EU began requiring warning labels on products containing specific artificial colourings associated with hyperactivity in children.合成食品染料，例如红色40和黄色6，与儿童的多动症和注意力问题有关...

This movement was dealt a devastating blow in 1968, when the Supreme Court removed the cap on state interest rates, allowing massive interest hikes throughout the 1970s. New complications emerged in late 80s with the invention of credit scores, which reinforced the racial, gender, and class biases already impacting credit card applications.1968 年，这场反信用运动遭受了毁灭性打击。当时最高法院取消了各州利率的上限，导致 1970 年代出现了大幅度的利率飙升。到了 80 年代末，信用评分系统的出现带来了新的复杂问题，它进一步加剧了原本就存在于信用卡申请中的种族、性别和阶级偏见。

Today, credit cards are a $500 billion industry. Banks consider these lines of credit when deciding whether or not to approve loans, incentivizing customers to maintain multiple credit cards. And since most users don't pay off their bills in full each month, they rack up debt and endless interest payments. By the end of 2023, credit card debt in the US alone exceeded $1 trillion. So while the earliest credit cards may have been the most limited, they might have actually been the best fo

Despite these initial losses, US banks remained devoted to credit cards. At this time, it was illegal for banks to build branches outside their home state, so mailing credit cards was their best bet for attracting out of state customers. And once they brought in these new clients, they could sell them big ticket items like home and automobile loans. This led banks to double down on credit cards. They invested heavily in early computers to process charge slips, and began running ads that promised a more luxurious standard of living.尽管在早期遭遇了损失，美国的银行依然坚定地投入信用卡业务。当时，银行在法律上被禁止在本州以外设立分行，因此邮寄信用卡成了他们吸引外州客户的最佳手段。而一旦吸引到这些新客户，银行就能向他们推销高额贷款，比如住房贷款和汽车贷款。这使得银行进一步加大了对信用卡的投入，他们大量投资早期计算机来处理签单，并开始投放广告，宣称信用卡能带来更奢华的生活方式。

These ad campaigns shifted the American attitude towards credit from one of shame and financial dependence to a celebration of financial freedom. However, the reality of these lending systems was far more exploitative. From 1956 to 1967, consumer debt increased by 133%, and concerns about consumer safety led to a surge of anti-credit activism through the 1960s.这些广告宣传改变了美国人对信

And the banks profited from small fees on each transaction. But soon, banks found another way to make money from these cards. They began allowing cardholders to pay off their debt more slowly for an additional fee called an interest payment. Essentially, cardholders could choose to pay just part of their monthly bill, and the bank would add a percentage of what they didn't pay to next month's bill.银行最初是靠每一笔交易收取少量手续费来盈利的。但很快，银行发现了另一种赚钱的方法：他们允许持卡人以更慢的速度偿还债务，但要额外支付一笔叫做“利息”的费用。换句话说，持卡人可以选择只偿还月账单的一部分，剩余未付金额则会被加上一定比例的利息，计入下个月的账单。

Even in these early days, this system wasn't without problems. In 1958, Bank of America sent 60,000 unsolicited credit cards to residents of Fresno, California. While this promotion was intended to attract new customers, it mostly led to rampant card theft and unpaid bills.即便在这些早期阶段，这套体系也并非没有问题。1958 年，美国银行（Bank of America）向加利福尼亚州弗雷斯诺市的居民寄出了 60,000 张未曾请求的信用卡。虽然这项推广本意是为了吸引新客户，但结果却主要导致了信用卡盗窃猖獗和账单无法收回。

Banks also struggled to proce...

In 1949, businessman Frank McNamara was about to pay for dinner when he realized something terrible: he’d forgotten his wallet. While this scenario isn’t that uncommon, McNamara’s response was. Determined to ensure he’d never be caught without cash again, he invented the Diners Club Card— a wallet-sized piece of cardboard that allowed carriers to dine at associated restaurants and settle their bills at the end of each month.1949 年，商人弗兰克·麦克纳马拉在准备付晚餐账单时，突然发现一个糟糕的情况：他忘带钱包了。虽然这种情况并不少见，但麦克纳马拉的反应却与众不同。为了确保自己不再因为没带现金而陷入窘境，他发明了“大来俱乐部卡”（Diners Club Card）——一张钱包大小的纸板卡片，持卡人可以在合作餐厅用餐，并在每个月底统一结账。

McNamara wasn’t the first person to codify the IOU— there’s evidence of deferred payment systems stretching all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia. In America’s Wild West, ranchers and farmers used metal plates as credit placeholders. And just a few years before McNamara's dining disaster, many department stores and airlines had already begun rolling out reward programs and charge cards.麦克纳马拉并不是第一个把“欠条”制度化的人——早在古代美索...

People got very upset. And I got yelled at a lot. Very gently. A lot about "I hope your pillow is warm."人们非常生气，我也经常被骂——不过是那种很“温柔”的责骂，比如“希望你的枕头一直是热的”之类的话。

These started getting millions and millions of views.这些视频开始获得数百万、甚至上千万的观看量。

And a lot of reactions as well.同时也引发了大量的反应。

People asked me to do mazes. OK. How do you screw up a maze? This is how. It went right past the exit.人们让我画迷宫。好吧，那要怎么把迷宫搞砸呢？答案就是——它直接从出口旁边走了过去。

I had to learn the rules of this little medium. It had to be 12, maybe 15 seconds. Go quickly. And I had to try to hide the mistake underneath the mechanism.我必须学会这种小短片的规则：视频要控制在 12 秒，也许 15 秒之内，动作要快，还要尽量把错误藏在机器运作的过程中。

And mostly the ending had to be traumatic.而且结尾往往得是“令人崩溃”的。

I would promise people oddly satisfying, and then I would betray them.我会先承诺给人一种“奇怪

So for many years I've been doing computer art, geometric art with pen and paper on plotters. I write the code and sometimes I build the machines.很多年来，我一直在做电脑艺术——用绘图仪、钢笔和纸张创作几何艺术。我自己写代码，有时还会自己造机器。

I would upload the stuff to social media, figuring maybe people like the soft noises and the clicks and pops and so on. No one really paid any attention to it.我把这些作品上传到社交媒体，想着或许有人会喜欢那些轻微的噪音、咔嗒声、噼啪声之类的。但实际上几乎没人关注。

At some point, someone gave me a chocolate 3D printer extruder, and I filled it with acrylic paint, and set it up and made a terrible mess.后来有人送了我一个巧克力 3D 打印机的喷头，我就把它装满了丙烯颜料，安装好之后结果搞得一团糟。

I wanted to try out making some dots, and I wrote a little program, and the dots weren't in order.我想试着打印一些点，于是写了一个小程序，但这些点并没有按照顺序排列。

These were reactions it got. Some people got angry. Some people sympathized with the robot.这就是它引发的反应：有些人很生气，有些人则对这个机器人表示同情。

Some people danced to it. Mostl...

The images reveal intricate details in the ancient tattoos, which picture leopards, a stag, a rooster and the mythical griffin creature that is half lion and half eagle.图片揭示了这些古老纹身中精美复杂的细节，纹身图案包括豹子、一只雄鹿、一只公鸡以及一只神话异兽，它长着狮身鹰首。

The tattooed woman, aged about 50, was from the horse-riding warrior Pazyryk people, who lived on the vast steppe between China and Europe in the 5th century BC.还有一名有纹身的女性，大约 50 岁，来自擅长在马背上作战的巴泽雷克民族，他们在公元前五世纪生活在中国与欧洲之间的广阔草原上。

The archaeologists worked with a tattooist who reproduces ancient skin decorations on his own body to understand how exactly they were made.考古学家们与一位在自己身上复刻古代纹身图案的纹身师合作，以深入了解古人究竟是如何制作出这些图案的。

The team say the decorations were so crisp and uniform that modern tattooists would find it challenging to produce them. They believe that the tattoos were first stencilled onto the skin. Then two needle-like tools were probably used, made from animal horn or bone. The pigment was likely made from burned plants or soot.该研究团队表示，这些纹身图案线条非常清晰且整齐，即使对现代纹身师来说，也颇具挑战性。他们认为，这些纹身最初是用镂空模板在皮肤上描绘出来的。然后可能用了两种针状的刺青工