Warfare, Advancement, and Revisionism

This week's regularly scheduled episode is being delayed due to a family emergency.

This week we discuss two separate regions in South America. We discuss the hunter gatherer groups living in Argentina and how they had been genetically isolated from the rest of the continent. We also discuss the various groups of peoples who had migrated from the Orinoco River valley to occupy the Guianas to become prolific hunter gatherer fishers and would begin to travel up and down other rivers into the Amazon Basin and how they would being to colonize the Caribbean.

Science article: https://www.science.org/content/article/mystery-group-lived-central-argentina-millennia-ancient-dna-reveals

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This week's episode we discuss the site of Monte Verde in southern Chile and some recent controversy surrounding the site's dating. We also talk about the brutal Atacama Desert and how this environment led the fishers moving through the region to develop several forms of mummification throughout their long history in the region. For this season that covers natural mummification as well as the black mummy method.

The Science article about Monte Verde in Chile: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw9217?utm_campaign=ScienceMagazine&utm_medium=ownedSocial&utm_source=twitter

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This week we look at three areas in what is now Peru that are beginning to see the rise of sedentary agricultural life. This includes the river valleys of the Sechin/Casma, the Rio Grande of the Ica Region, and the water basin of Lake Titicaca. We also cover some of the cave art being painted in Andean rock shelters in what is now Bolivia.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/I3ws9-jDqdQ

This week I correct a terrible omission I made last week and focus on the Las Vegas Culture of Ecuador. This covers their transition from semi sedentary hunter-gatherer-fishers to incipient agriculture. As well as their development of communal burial and feasting. I also cover the tale of the Lovers of Sumpa. A tale some attribute to the Las Vegas Culture.

YouTube: https://youtu.be/xyeXmtaHAU8

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This week we talk about the earliest pottery in South America, and we also cover several sites in the modern country of Colombia's Altiplano region including El Abra, We then move south to discuss several long lasting rock shelter hunting camps in modern Peru. Also I made a mistake around the 22:45 mark and mentioned the border of Ecuador and Chile when I obviously meant the Peru Chile border.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/pz0F2spjda8

The YouTube Episode will be Delayed this week. Clipchamp has failed me and will not load. I will try and edit it tomorrow morning, but worst case I'll just upload it directly from here. I want to get you all the pictures though.

This week we talk about the Archaic Central America and Colombia. Including a newly discovered DNA mystery in Bogotá.

Here is the link to the Smithsonian

This week I answer a listener question and we discuss the peoples living to the south of the Yucatan peninsula, their lifestyle, as well as regional strengths and challenges that it presents to this lifestyle. We also discuss how people from this region row into the Caribbean Sea and were the first people to land in the Greater Antilles. We also go over the etymology of the region.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/97WFBmUxdAU

This week we talk about two regions of what is now Mexico, the Tehuacán and Oaxaca Valleys. I discuss how each of these regions show clear evidence of continued hunter gather economies steadily beginning to embrace early domesticated strains of local cucubrita, beans, fruits, nuts as well as teosinte (zea maize) from the nearby Balsas River basin.

I also discussed the science article about dating at an important South American site in Chile: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw9217?utm_campaign=ScienceMagazine&utm_medium=ownedSocial&utm_source=twitter

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This week we talk about two Archaic traditions that emerged in the American Southeast, the Eva culture of Tennessee and the Mount Taylor tradition of Florida. We then talk about our last material cultures/traditions in what is now the United states before moving South.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/4I5jGo6ItRk

This week we talk about the Old Copper Culture in the Great Lakes region as well as changes taking place in Great Planes. We also talk about population estimates.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/yN6k33mCsL4

This week we cover the Millingstone Horizon or the Encinitas Tradition that emerged in what is modern Mexico and the Southern Western US. We also touch on the San Dieguito complex or Pinto Tradition.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/pZHJAuNBd9U

This week's episode is going to be delayed. I'm not feeling well and I can't focus on the screen to see my notes. Thank you for you support and understanding.

This week we discuss the religious and mythological stories surrounding the the eruption of Mount Mazama passed down by the Klamath people whose ancestors were living in the area. We also discuss the creation myth of the Modoc, a people speaking a related language. We also go over other language families that originated in Northwestern North America.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/19hiXvVXEr8

This week I deal with having to re-record an episode and slowly lose my mind as I talk about about the Paleo-Arctic Tradition of North America. This includes but is not limited to the ancestors of the speakers of the Eskaleut (Inuit-Yupik-Unangan) language family.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/UglNSkc-XZw

This week we cover the final phase of the Mesolithic in the British Isles and the arrival of neolithic farmers and pastoralists reach the island.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/YQgR1t8QUWY

This week we talk about the Mesolithic hunter gathers living in and around the Baltic coast and the rivers flowing into them as the area became more livable after climate change.

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YouTube:https://youtu.be/lwMx6xUBhiY

This week we talk about the Michelsberg Culture as we end our discussions of Neolithic central Europe for this season. Now I know some of you will ask, "Hey what about the Funnelbeaker culture?" Well after diving into it and reading my notes I feel like discussion of them makes much more sense thematically next season. I meant to explain this in the episode but I forgot to mention it. I'll give a bit more detail on this next episode.

We also cover several hunter gatherer groups in Scandinavia and how the change in the...

This week we tackle several of the cultures that emerged from the Linear Pottery Culture including the Lengyel, Rossen, and Stroke Ornamented Ware culture. Primarily focusing on the different paths of development each took from the old LBK in different aspects of their culture including pottery, burial, and tools.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/3Q8Kk_2mNbU

Happy New Year! We are back and covering the neolithic Cerny culture, the Carnac stones, and the Chasséen culture. This includes the emergence of barrow tombs, menhir, and dolmins.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/EBPi5AEt6gk

This week I return to the Linear Pottery Culture or the LBK for short. This week we go over some of the finer details of their longhouses and settlements. We about what can be gleaned about their internal social organization. We then move on to what led to the culture's final collapse.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/DQUSWyaxErk

This week we talk about the neolithic peoples of Southern France and Iberia after the Cardial Ware culture declined. This includes several unclassified peoples as well as areas of Switzerland and North West Italy. We go over their trade links and economy. We also cover the spread in Southern Iberia of the La Almagra pottery to the rest of the peninsula and the emergence of Dolmen Tombs in Europe.

YouTube: https://youtu.be/pMrVl57JBT8

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This week we talk about the Neolithic cultures of central Italy and their pottery, including Catignano and Ripoli and how one grew out of and replaced the other. We also discuss the Square Mouth Vase culture of northern Italy as well as the earliest use of Cinnabar in the Western Mediterranean.

YouTube: https://youtu.be/9xV5IZgbWVw

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This week I finish up Sicily by talking about the island of Pantelleria and the chain known as the Aegadian. We then turn to the south of the Italian Peninsula to discuss the emergence of the Capri-Lipari-Scaloria Alta, Scaloria Bassa, Serra d'Alto, and Passo di Corvo. We go over their pottery and pottery while also briefly touching on the further expansion of agriculture and animal husbandry. We also cover two neolithic cultures of Sardinia the Grotta Verde and Filiestru.

YouTube: https://youtu.be/Bn5yu2C4j2c

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This week we talk about the neolithic Stentinello culture as it emerges after the collapse of the Cardium Ware culture. We cover how their economy continued the spread of agriculture and herding while it also expanded in different ways from the Cardium culture. We also go over the differences in their pottery and housing styles. We also discuss the potential first habitation of Homo Sapiens on Malta and the Aeolian/Lipari islands.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/biPQ6AGyAJc

This week we talk about the pottery and economies of two Neolithic cultures that occupied a fairly small area along the Bonsa River but that were integral in facilitating long range trade with the people further east in the Balkans and the Cardial Ware culture, and their successor culture in the region, the Danilo culture. Whose economy and pottery we also talk about. We also go over the etymology of the Adriatic Sea.

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This week we finish up our look at Greece for this season by discussing the Peloponnese and a burial site that may have influenced the local religion in the classical period. We also cover the emergence of the Cardium Ware Culture in Western Greece and Corfu and their expansion north along the Adriatic Coast and West into the Italian Peninsula and the rest of the Western Mediterranean coast.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/459viDaG_XU

This week's episode deals primarily with the etymology of the Aegean Sea and some other nearby bodies of water and the myths surrounding them. We then talked about the Cretan site of Knossos as they began to grow to becoming the center of the soon to emerge Minoan Civilization.

YouTube: https://youtu.be/fKzDaLv5Y5s

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This week we tie up a final loose end from the Balkans. We then discuss sites undergoing the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic in Anatolia including Hacilar and Beycesultan. We then move back across the Aegean to discuss the Neolithic Greek sites of Sesklo and Dimini.

YouTube: https://youtu.be/lLUSYpARFTA

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This week we talk about the Sopot culture and it's relationship to other early neolithic faming cultures in Southern Europe before we move onto the newly emerging Chalcolithic cultures of the Balkans including the Tiszapolgár and Lengyel culture. Then we move on to look at the Petrești and Decea Mureșului cultures, and then conclude with a discussion of the Suvorovo burials. Also I did forget to include one final neolithic/chalcolithic culture but we will talk about them next week before we begin to focus on Neolithic Greece and Western Anatolia.

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This week we discuss the origin of the Linear Pottery Culture along the middle Danube, and its rapid spread out of the region. We then go over its developments in its early and development phases. We did not cover its final phase. That is for the later this season. We went over its pottery, economy, and housing.

We also discussed two cultures that were influenced by the Linear Pottery and Starcevo, the Bükk and Tisza Cultures.

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This week we go over more material cultures rising and developing along the Danube River Basin. We discuss the Starčevo Culture, their origins, economy, houses, pottery and figures. We also discuss two other cultures that emerged out of or beside them, the Körös-Cris and Vinča Cultures. Their similarities to the Starčevo and what innovations differentiated them.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/o2qwrnCGHTc

This week we discuss the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture. Including it's discovery and name. We go over it's origins and how they shifted from the pre phase to it's early foundations and shift into the start of their middle phase.

YouTube:https://youtu.be/GSzgwbOC_1Y

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This week we went over a couple of points about Proto-Indo European I missed or got questions about.

We also begin our coverage of the neolithic (and chalcolithic) cultures of the Danube river system. This includes the Karanovo, Dudesti, Marita, Hamangia, and the Gumelnita, Primarily discussing their pottery, ceramics, and economy.

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This week we go over a brief explanation of comparative linguistics before we dive into the theories of the Proto-Indo European language and its origin. We also talk about their reconstructed creation myth.

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The scope of this episode shifted due to a some questions I got in relation to last week's episode. So the first half of this episode ended up being a follow up on last week's. As for our coverage of Proto-Indo European I just decided to limit it for this week to the origins of the theory by talking about the popular attribution of it and linguistic study to William Jones.

If you would like to skip the horse domestication follow up jump to 14:35

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This week we talk about Horses and their domestication. This includes the wide range of dates given when this may have happened. The make up of their herds or harems. Their relationship to the Tarpan and Przewalski's horse. We also discuss some of their by products and intelligence.

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YouTube:https://youtu.be/MM95zTAG2W8

This week we cover the Samara and Khvalynsk cultures of the Eurasian Steppe and begin to move into the Chalcolithic. We talk about how they emerged from interactions of the Dnieper Donets and the late mesolithic/early neolithic peoples of the Middle Volga. We cover their pottery and the evolution of their burial practices. We then discuss the emergence of the Khvalynsk culture and the mystery and debate on the subject. We then cover their innovation of and use of the kurgan for their own unique burial practices.

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This week's episode was cut short due to a power outage, but we still cover the Sredny Stog culture and its regional variation in Novodanilkova. We talk about their increasing reliance on herding and agriculture and changes to their pottery. We also talk about the increase of horse bones found at their sites and the possibility of them being the first to keep domesticated horses. We also go over their burial practices and how they're different from the preceding Dnieper-Donets culture.

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This week we begin what will be a few episodes of talking about the various material cultures of Eastern Europe. This week we cover the Hunter-Gathering-Fishing peoples of the Bug-Dniester and Dnieper-Donets and how and why each began to transition to pastoralism and to lesser extents agriculture.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/6a2fnPAjp_g