History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences

In this interview, we talk to Philip Kraut about the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, their scholarly contributions and political engagement.

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References for Episode 46

See Wikisource for scans of the Grimms’ original works:

https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCder_Grimm

https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm

https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm

DWB – Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Ed.). 1965–2018. Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. Neubearbeitung. Vol. 1–9. Stuttgart: Hirzel. (ww...

In this interview, we talk to Beijia Chen about the citation networks binding the Neogrammarians as a school.

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References for Episode 45

Amsterdamska, Olga. 1985. “Institutions and Schools of Thought: The Neogrammarians.” American Journal of Sociology 91: 332–358.

Amsterdamska, Olga. 1987. Schools of thought: the development of linguistics from Bopp to Saussure. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel.

Arens, Hans. 1969. Sprachwissenschaft: der Gang ihrer Entwicklung von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. 2., durchges. und stark erw. Auflage. Freiburg & München: Alber.

Bartschat, Brigitte. 1996. Methoden der Sprachwissenschaft: von Hermann Paul bis Noam Ch...

In this interview, we talk to Ian Stewart about modern ideas surrounding the Celts and how these relate to historical-comparative linguistics.

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References for Episode 44

Crump, Margaret, James Cowles Prichard of the Red Lodge: A Life of Science during the Age of Improvement (Nebraska, 2025).

Davies, Caryl, Adfeilion Babel: Agweddau ar Syniadaeth Ieithyddol y Ddeunawfed Ganrif (Caerdydd, 2000).

Droixhe, Daniel, La Linguistique et l’appel de l’histoire (1600-1800): rationalisme et révolutions positivistes (Geneva, 1978).

Lhuyd, Edward, Archaeologia Britannica: Vol. 1 Glossography (Oxford, 1707).

Pezron, Paul-Y...

In this interview, we talk to Judy Kaplan about universals in American linguistics of the mid-20th century.

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References for Episode 43

Emmon Bach & Robert T. Harms, Universals in Linguistic Theory (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968)
Noam Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965).
Jamie Cohen-Cole, The Open Mind: Cold War Politics and the Sciences of Human Nature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013).
Joseph Greenberg, “Some Universals of Grammar with Special Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements,” in Idem (ed.), Universals o...

In this interview, we talk to Randy Harris about the controversies surrounding the generative semantics movement in American linguistics of the 1960s and 70s.

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References for Episode 42

Chomsky, N. (2015/1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax (50th Anniversary edition.). The MIT Press.

Harris, R. A. (2021/1993). The linguistics wars: Noam Chomsky, George Lakoff, and the battle over Deep Structure (2nd ed.). Oxford.

Huck, G. J., & Goldsmith, J. A. (1995). Ideology and linguistic theory: Noam Chomsky and the deep structure debates. Routledge.

Katz, J. J., & Postal, P. M...

In this interview, we talk to Chris Knight about Chomsky, pure science and the US military-industrial complex.

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References for Episode 41

Radical Anthropology Group. YouTube channel | Vimeo channel

Allot, Nicholas, Chris Knight and Neil Smith. 2019. The Responsibility of Intellectuals; Reflections by Noam Chomsky and Others after 50 years, with commentaries by Noam Chomsky. London: UCL Press. Open access

Chomsky, Noam. 2016. ‘Chomsky responds to Chris Knight’s book, Decoding Chomsky’ Libcom

Chomsky, Noam, and Chris Knight. 2019. ‘Chomsky’s response to Chris Knight’s chapter in the new Resp

In this interview, we talk to Nick Riemer about how linguistic theory and political ideology can interact.

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References for Episode 40

Ahmed, Sara. 2012. On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Althusser, Louis 1996 [1965]. Marxism and Humanism. In For Marx (B. Brewtser, tr.), London: Verso, 218–238.

Althusser, Louis 2014 [1970]. Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation) (B. Brewster, tr.). In Louis Althusser, On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. London: Verso, 232–272.

Althusser, Louis. 2015 [1976]. Être marxi...

In this interview, we talk to Ingrid Piller about her forthcoming co-authored book Life in a New Language.

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References for Episode 39

Kachru, Braj B. 1985. ‘Standards, codification and soci

In this interview, we talk to Dan Everett about the life and work of the American pragmatist philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce and Everett’s application of Peirce’s ideas to create a Peircean linguistics.

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References for Episode 38

Cole, David. 2023. “The Chinese Room Argument”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 Edition), eds. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/chinese-room/

Everett, Daniel L. 2012. Language: The Cultural Tool. New York: Pantheon Books.

Everett, Daniel L. 2017. How Language Began: The Stor...

In this interview, we talk to Michael Lynch about the history of conversation analysis and its connections to ethnomethodology.

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References for Episode 37

Button, Graham, Michael Lynch and Wes Sharrock (2022) Ethnomethodology, Conversation Analysis and Constructive Analysis: On Formal Structures of Practical Action. London and New York: Routledge.

Fitzgerald, Richard (2024) “Drafting A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation,” Human Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-023-09700-7

Garfinkel, Harold (2022) Studies of Work in the Sciences, M. Lynch, ed. London & New York: Rou...

In this brief audio clip, we provide an update on what’s been happening with the podcast – and what’s coming up.

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McElvenny, James. 2024. A History of Modern Linguistics: From the Beginnings to World War II. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Entry in the Edinburgh University Press catalogue

In this interview, we talk to Ghil‘ad Zuckermann about language reclamation and revival in Australia and around the world.

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References for Episode 36

The Barngarla trinity: people, language, land. The Barngarla trilogy: (1) Barngarlidhi Manoo (‘Speaking Barngarla Together’): Barngarla Alphabet & Picture Book, 2019; (2) Mangiri Yarda (‘Healthy Country’): Barngarla Wellbeing and Nature, 2021; (3) Wardlada Mardinidhi (‘Bush Healing’): Barngarla Plant Medicines, 2023. Links to the digital versions of these 3 books, as well as to the Barngarla app, can be found at the following website: https://wcclp.com.au/barngarla/

Anubi, Myra, Shania Richards...

In this interview, we talk to Nick Thieberger about the value of historical documentation for linguistic research, and how this documentation can be preserved and made accessible today and in the future in digital form.

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References for Episode 35

Crane, Gregory, ed. 1987–. Project Perseus. Web resource: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/

Gardner, Helen, Rachel Hendery, Stephen Morey, Patrick McConvell et al. 2020. Howitt and Fison’s Archive. Web resource: https://howittandfison.org/

Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle, George Aaron Broadwell, Michel R. Oudijk, Laurie Allen, May Plum...

In this episode, we talk to Mary Laughren about research into the languages of Central Australia in the mid-twentieth century, with a focus on the contributions of American linguist Ken Hale.

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References for Episode 34

Hale, Kenneth L., and Kenny Wayne Jungarrayi. 1958. Warlpiri elicitation session. archive.org

Laughren, Mary, with Kenneth L. Hale, Jeannie Nungarrayi Egan, Marlurrku Paddy Patrick Jangala, Robert Hoogenraad, David Nash, and Jane Simpson. 2022. Warlpiri Encyclopaedic Dictionary. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.

In this episode, we examine the formalist aspects of the linguistic work of Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield, and see how their methods were turned into the doctrines of distributionalism by the following generation.

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References for Episode 33

Primary sources

Bloch, Bernard (1948), ‘A set of postulates for phonemic analysis’, Language 24:1, 3–46.

Bloch, Bernard, and George Trager (1942), Outline of Linguistic Analysis, Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.

Bloomfield, Leonard (1909–1910), ‘A semasiological differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut’, Modern Philology 7, 245–288, 345–382. (Introduction reprinted in Hockett 1970, pp. 1–6.)

Bloomfield, Leonar...

In this episode, we discuss the leading American linguist Leonard Bloomfield and his connections to the psychological school of behaviourism and the philosophical doctrines of logical positivism.

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References for Episode 32

Primary sources

Bloomfield, Leonard (1914), An Introduction to the Study of Language, New York: Henry Holt. archive.org

Bloomfield, Leonard (1926), ‘A set of postulates for a science of language’, Language 2, 153–164. (Reprinted in Hockett 1970, pp. 128–138.)

Bloomfield, Leonard (1930 [1929]), ‘Linguistics as a science’, Studies in Philology, 553–557. (Reprinted in Hockett 1970, pp. 227–230.)

Bloomfield, Leonard (1933), Language, New York: Henry...

In this episode, we explore the historical background to linguistic relativity or the so-called ‘Sapir-Whorf hypothesis’.

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References for Episode 31

Primary sources

Boas, Franz, ed. (1911), Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part I, Washington DC: Government Printing Office. Google Books

Carroll, John B. (1956), Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. archive.org

Chase, Stuart (1938), The Tyranny of Words, New York: Harcourt, Brace and co. archive.org

Hoijer, Harry (1954), ‘The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis’, in Language in Culture...

This clip is a brief audio update on what’s been happening with the podcast, and what’s going to happen in the next few months.

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In this episode we talk to Andrew Garrett about the life, work and legacy of American anthropologist Alfred Kroeber. Kroeber achieved a number of firsts in American anthropology: he was Boas’ first Columbia PhD and the first professor of anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. But Kroeber is not only of historical interest. The recent “denaming” of Kroeber Hall at UC Berkeley illustrates the clash of the past with our present-day social and political concerns.

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References for Episode 30

Primary sources

Dixon, Roland, and Alfred L. Kro...

In this interview, we talk to Marcin Kilarski about the history of the documentation and description of the languages of North America.

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References for Episode 29

Primary sources

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1946. “Algonquian”. Linguistic structures of native America ed. by Harry Hoijer, 85-129. New York: Viking Fund.

Boas, Franz & Ella Cara Deloria. 1941. Dakota grammar. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.

Deloria, Ella Cara. 1932. Dakota texts. (= Publications of the American Ethnological Society 14.) New York: G. E. Stechert. (Reprinted with an introduction by Raymond J. DeMa...

In this episode, we begin our exploration of American linguistics by looking at the innovative contributions of Franz Boas (1858–1942) and his circle of students.

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References for Episode 28

Primary sources

Bastian, Adolf (1893), Controversen in der Ethnologie I, die geographischen Provinzen in ihren culurgeschichtlichen Berührungspuncten, Berlin: Weidmannische Buchhandlung. archive.org

Benedict, Ruth (1946), The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese culture, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. archive.org

Boas, Franz (1887a), ‘The occurrence of similar inventions in areas widely apart’, Science 9: 485–486. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.n...

In this interview, we talk to Peter Trudgill about how the structure of speaker communities may influence the structure of languages.

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References for Episode 27

Aronoff, Mark. 1994. Morphology by itself: stems and inflectional classes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Dahl, Östen. 2004. The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Dediu, Dan, & Stephen Levinson. 2013. On the antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences. Frontiers in Psychology 2013 1-17. 

Derbyshire, Desmond. 1977. Word order universals and the existence of OVS languages...

In this interview, we talk to Philipp Krämer about the history of the study of creole languages and present-day efforts to standardise creoles around the world.

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References for Episode 26

Primary sources

Adam, Lucien (1883): Les idiomes négro-aryen et maléo-aryen. Essai d’hybridologie linguistique. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie.

Baissac, Charles (1880): Etude sur le patois créole mauricien. Nancy: Berger-Levrault et Cie.

Dietrich, Adolphe (1891): Les parlers créoles des Mascareignes. In: Romania, 20: 216-277.

Focard, Volcy (1885): Du patois créole de l’île...

In this interview, we talk to Felicity Meakins about Pidgins, Creoles, and mixed languages. We discuss what they are, and how they are viewed in both linguistic scholarship and in speaker communities.

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References for Episode 25

Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael, & Plag, Ingo. (2011). Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages, 26(1), 5-42.

DeGraff, Michel. (2005). Linguists’ most dangerous myth: The fallacy of Creole Exceptionalism. Language in Society, 34(4), 533-591.

McWhorter, John. (2001). The world’s simplest grammars are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology, 5(2/3), 125-166...

In this interview, we talk to Lorenzo Cigana about Louis Hjelmslev and the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle.

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References for Episode 24

Primary Sources

‘Travail collectif du Cercle linguistique de Copenhague’, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Linguists, Paris, Klincksieck, 1949, pp. 126–135.

Bulletins du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, 1–7 (1931–1940)

Bulletin du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague 1941–1965 (8–31). Choix de communications et d’interventions au débat lors des séances tenues entre septembre 1941 et mai 1965, Copenhague, Akademisk Forlag.

Rapport sur l’activité du Cercle Linguistique de Copen...

In this interview, we talk to Noam Chomsky about the intellectual environment in which generative grammar emerged.

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References for Episode 23

Primary Sources

Bloomfield, Leonard (1933). Language. New York: Henry Holt and Co.

Carnap, Rudolf (1936). ‘Testability and meaning’, Philosophy of Science 3.4: 419–471.

Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.

Chomsky, Noam (1959). Review of Verbal Behavior by B.F. Skinner. Language 35.1: 26–58.

Chomsky, Noam (1975). The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chomsky, Noam (1979 [1949]). Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew...

In this interview, we talk to Christopher Hutton about linguistic scholarship under National Socialism and how this relates to linguistics today.

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References for Episode 22

Primary Sources

Boas, Franz (1911), Handbook of American Indian languages, vol. 1, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40, Washington: Government Print Office.

Boas, Franz (1911), The mind of primitive man, New York: Macmillan.

Fishman, Joshua (1964), Language maintenance and language shift as a field of inquiry, Linguistics 2: 32–70.

Kloss, Heinz (1941), Brüder vor den Toren des Reiches. Vom volksdeutschen Schicksal, Berlin: Hoc...

In this episode, we look at psychologist Karl Bühler’s (1879–1963) Organon model of communication and observe its influence on the linguists Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890–1938) and Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), who were associated with the Prague Circle.

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References for Episode 21

Primary Sources

Bühler, Karl (1927), Die Krise der Psychologie, Jena: Fischer.

Bühler, Karl (1931), ‘Phonetik und Phonologie’, Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 4, 22–53. MPI PuRe (last page of scan missing)

Bühler, Karl (1933), Axiomatik der Sprachwissenschaften, Frankfurt: Klostermann.
(English trans., The Axiomatization of the Language Scien...

In this interview, we continue the theme of the previous episode and talk to Jacqueline Léon about John Rupert Firth (1890–1960), Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) and the London School.

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References for Episode 20

Primary Sources

Archives Firth : John Rupert Firth collection, PP MS75, School of Oriental and African Studies, London.

Biber, D. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Brown, K. & Law V. (eds.), 2002, Linguistics in Britain: Personal Histories, Oxford: Publications of the Philological Society.

Firth, J. R. 1930. Speech. London...

In this episode, we look at the central role the analysis of meaning played in British linguistics in the first half of the twentieth century. We focus on the work of John Rupert Firth (1890–1960) and Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) and their varying versions of the ‘context of situation’.

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References for Episode 19

Primary Sources

Firth, John Rupert (1957), Papers in Linguistics, 1934–1951, London: Oxford University Press. archive.org

Firth, John Rupert (1957), ‘A synopsis of linguistics theory, 1930–1955’, in Studies in Linguistic Analysis, ed. John Rupert Firth, 1–32, Oxford: Blackwell.

Firth, John R...

In this interview, we talk to H. Walter Schmitz about pioneer of semiotics Victoria Lady Welby.

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References for Episode 18

Primary Sources

Hayakawa, Samuel Ichiyé (1939), Language in Thought and Action, New York: ‎ Harcourt, Brace and Co.

Ogden, Charles Kay and Ivor Armstrong Richards (1923), The Meaning of Meaning, London: Kegan Paul. (Reprinting of tenth edition with finger: archive.org)

Russell, Bertrand (1905), ‘On denoting’, Mind 14, 479-493.

Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott, Bertrand Russell & Harold Henry Joachim (1920), ‘The meaning of “meaning”: a symposium’, Mind, 29:116, 385-414.

St...

In this episode, we take a step back to explore the earliest beginnings of functional linguistics as represented by the work of Philipp Wegener.

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References for Episode 17

Primary Sources

Bréal, Michel (1866), ‘De la forme et de la fonction des mots’, Revue des Cours Littéraires de la France et de l’étranger 5 (29 Dec), 65–71. BnF RetroNews
(English trans. in Bréal 1991.)

Bréal, Michel (1868), Les Idées Latentes du Langage, Paris: Hachette. Google Books
(English trans. in Bréal 1991.)

Bréal, Michel...

In this episode, we talk to Chloé Laplantine about the life and work of French structuralist Émile Benveniste.

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References for Episode 16

Primary Sources

Annuaire du Collège de France. 1937-1938. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

Benveniste, Émile. 1937. La négation. (Manuscript notes). Bibliothèque nationale de France. Département des Manuscrits. Papiers d’orientalistes 33, f°333-484.

Benveniste, Émile. 1966. Problèmes de linguistique générale. Gallimard: Paris. [English translation: E. Benveniste. 1971. Problems in general linguistics. Translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek. Coral Gables (Florida): University of...

In this episode, we enter the age of classical structuralism by exploring the phonological research of Roman Jakobson and his colleague Nikolai Trubetzkoy undertaken within the Prague Linguistic Circle.

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References for Episode 15

Primary Sources

Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan (1877), ‘Podrobnaja progamma lekcij . . . v 1876–1877 uč. godu’ [A detailed program of lectures for the academic year 1876–1877].
(English trans. in Stankiewicz (1972), pp. 92–113)

Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan (1895), Versuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen, Strassburg: Trübner. archive.org
(English trans. in Stankiewicz (1972), pp. 144–212)

Durnovo...

In this interview, we talk to Michael Ashby about the emergence and development of phonetics in the 19th and early 20th century.

https://hiphilangsci.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/hiphilangsci_015_int.mp3

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Archive DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4767962

References for Episode 14

Primary Sources

Brücke, Ernst Wilhelm von (1856), Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute für Linguisten und Taubstummenlehrer, Wien: Carl Gerold’s Sohn. archive.org

Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias (1854), Christianity and mankind: their beginnings and prospects, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and L...

In this interview, we talk to John Joseph about Ferdinand de Saussure.

https://hiphilangsci.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/hiphilangsci_013_int.mp3

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Archive DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4767939

References for Episode 13

Primary Sources

Arnauld, Antoine and Claude Lancelot (1660), Grammaire générale et raisonnée contenant les fondemens de l’art de parler, expliqués d’une manière claire et naturelle, Paris: Pierre le Petit. BNF Gallica
(English version: General and Rational Grammar: The Port-Royal Grammar, trans. by Jacques Rieux & Bernard E. Rollin, The Hague...

In this episode, we look at Ferdinand de Saussure’s contributions to linguistics, which are widely considered to be foundational to the later movement of structuralism.

https://hiphilangsci.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/hiphilangsci_012_epi.mp3

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Archive DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4767891

References for Episode 12

Primary Sources

Bloomfield, Leonard (1924), Review of Saussure (1922), Modern Language Journal 8, 317–319. DOI: 10.2307/313991

Bréal, Michel (1897), Essai de sémantique (science des significations), Paris: Hachette. archive.org
(Engl. trans.: (1900), Semantics: Studies in the science of meaning, trans. by Nina Cust...

In this interview, we talk to Floris Solleveld about the character of linguistic research in the 19th century.

https://hiphilangsci.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hiphilangsci_011_intx.mp3

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Archive DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4767978

References for Episode 11

Primary Sources

Adelung, Johann Christoph and Johann Severin Vater (1806–1817), Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde, Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung. archive.org: vol. I, vol. II, vol. III parts I and II, vol. III part III, vol. IV

Balbi, Adriano (1826), Atlas ethnographique du Globe, Paris: Rey. Google Books: Introduction, archive.or...

In this episode, we examine some of the major critiques directed against the Neogrammarians and see what they tell us about the state of linguistics around the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century. We focus in particular on the arguments made by Hugo Schuchardt and Karl Vossler.

https://hiphilangsci.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/hiphilangsci_010_ep.mp3

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Archive DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4767874

References for Episode 10

Primary Sources

Osthoff, Hermann and Karl Brugman (1878), ‘Vorwort’, Morphologische Untersuchungen 1: i-xx. archive.org

Schmidt, Johannes (1870), Die...

In this episode, we introduce the Neogrammarians, the dominant school of linguistics in the closing decades of the nineteenth century.

https://hiphilangsci.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hiphilangsci_009_epg.mp3

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Archive DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4767863

References for Episode 9

Primary Sources

Brugman, Karl (1876a), ‘Nasalis sonans in der indogermanischen Grundsprache’, Studien zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik 9: 285–338. archive.org

Brugman, Karl (1876b), ‘Zur Geschichte der Stammabstufenden Declinationen. Erste Abhandlung: die Nomina auf -ar- und -tar-‘, Studien zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik 9: 361–406. archive.org

Brugman, K...